Rabies_Etiology_Epidemiology_Pathogenesis_

Rabies_Etiology_Epidemiology_Pathogenesis_

1. Rabies: Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathogenesis MITTAL PULKIT IM-565

2. Introduction to Rabies • Rabies is a viral disease affecting the central nervous system. • It is almost always fatal after symptoms appear. • Transmitted via saliva from infected animals, often through bites.

3. Etiology of Rabies • Rabies is caused by Lyssavirus from the Rhabdoviridae family. • Affects mammals, especially through bites. • Targets nervous tissue, leading to neurological symptoms.

4. Epidemiology of Rabies • Present in over 150 countries, with most cases in Africa and Asia. • Dogs cause 99% of rabies deaths globally. • Limited access to vaccines increases mortality rates.

5. Transmission of Rabies • Transmitted through bites from infected animals. • Can also spread via saliva through mucous membranes or wounds. • Dogs, bats, raccoons, and foxes are common reservoirs.

6. Pathogenesis of Rabies • Virus travels through peripheral nerves to the brain. • Causes encephalitis, leading to neurological symptoms. • Spreads to salivary glands, facilitating further transmission.

7. Clinical Symptoms of Rabies • Early symptoms: fever, headache, weakness. • Progresses to neurological symptoms: agitation, hydrophobia, paralysis. • Death typically occurs within days to weeks.

8. Stages of Rabies Infection • Incubation: 1-3 months, varies by bite location. • Prodromal: fever, discomfort at bite site. • Neurological: hydrophobia, seizures. • Coma and death if untreated.

9. Diagnosis of Rabies • Diagnosed through clinical symptoms and exposure history. • Tests: direct fluorescent antibody, RT-PCR, virus isolation. • Diagnosis is challenging in the early stages.

10. Prevention of Rabies • Vaccination of humans and animals is critical. • Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is highly effective. • Avoid contact with wild animals, vaccinate pets.

11. Rabies Vaccine and Treatment

12. Global Efforts to Eradicate Rabies

13. Rabies in Wildlife • Wildlife plays a significant role in transmission, especially in rabies-free countries. • Bats, raccoons, skunks, and foxes are key reservoirs in many regions. • Wildlife vaccination is a growing area of focus.

14. Challenges in Rabies Control

15. Future Directions in Rabies Research

16. CONCLUSION