Radcliffe awards

Radcliffe awards: explaining the partition of sub continent.

1. Radcliffe Awards Partition of Sub-continent

2. Pakistan Baluchistan Sindh West Punjab East Bengal North West Frontier Province Without Division Divided Provinces

3. Sir Cyril Radcliffe, neutralist expert lawyer Boundary Commission on Sylhet The Bengal Punjab Commissions The nature of these other factors was never clarified.

4. Radcliffe Cyril John Radcliffe, 1st Viscount Radcliffe ,  GBE ,  PC ,  QC ,  FBA  (30 March 1899 – 1 April 1977) was a British lawyer and  Law Lord  best known for his role in the  partition of British India . He served as the first chancellor of the  University of Warwick  from its foundation in 1965 to 1977. Radcliffe’s appointment was a 'political rather than a judicial one and Muslim League should not have accepted . He had never set foot on the Indian soil before and was asked to perform an operation of the gravest sort within weeks. He was 'given forty days to complete the task, which according to his own estimate, should have taken two years and was to reside in the Comptrollers's estate where, in Campbell-Johnsons words," he could work in isolation Punjab and Bengal despite being Muslim majority areas were subjected to division on constant pressure from Congress but the same rule was not applied to Hindu majority areas. The future of Kashmir was decided by Congress long before Mountbatten put forward his first proposals The planting of the Trojan horse in the appointment of VP Menon to the inner circle of Mountbatten advisers, and Rao Sahed V D Ayer as Secretary to Radcliffe's Boundary Commission speak of a well thought pre-planned treachery

5. Punjab Commission

6. Punjab No line that could neatly divide Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs. No line could appease the Muslim League, headed by Jinnah, And the Indian National Congress led by Jawaharlal Nehru and Vallabhbhai Patel, and by the British . Division based on religious communities In Punjab the three districts of Ferozepur, Amritsar and Gurdaspur had 60 percent Muslim population

7. Gurdaspur It had four tehsils: 55 % muslims in Batala , 52% in Gurdaspur, 51% in Shakargarh and 40% in Pathankot Only shakargarh was added to Pakistan. Pakistani Gurdaspur Mandi Hydro-electric supply lines

8. Amritsar Amritsar the Golden Temple Services of the Sikhs Jinnah and Sikh Community

9. Ferozepore Ferozepore 55% muslims and Zira 65% muslims Ferozpore headworks on Sutlej River Were awarded to Pakistan

10. Jullundur In the Jullundur district, the Muslim majority tehsils, Nakodar and Jallundur , were assigned to India. Radcliffe’s claim A mere excuse

11. Sylhet Districts of Nadia and Kutli . Darjeeling and Jalpaigari Referendum in Sylhet East Bengal 60% of the 176 population of the two undivided provinces and only 40% of their areas

12. Calcutta Calcutta neutral international city, 'We made a condition that we would only agree to partition if we did not lose Calcutta’ (Patel)15 January 1950 Pakistan’s claim V. P. Menon to Patel “ put Calcutta under joint control for six months while partition was taking place,” Patel's answer was: No, Not even for six hours.

13. Kashmir Gurdaspur India. “Radcliffe changed the boundary line and gave India district of Gurdaspur due to undue influence of Mountbatten.” (Indian member of commission Mahajan) Indo-Pakistan permanent enmity. Amritsar and Gurdaspur if included in Pakistan……………

14. "most undesirable to lay down a procedure of self-determination which would give the wrong answer“ Mountbatten The only right answer was the answer in favor of the Congress.

15. Issues The partition date Delay the disclosure of the Punjab Boundary Award Skirting around the blame an order to end all orders. Inherent seeds of dishonesty Award became doubtful Deprived Pakistan of territorial area

16. No natural boundary line Negative impacts on India-Pakistan long term relations. Head-works of a canal system Divided Punjabis.

17. Thanks for bearing