Radiology and imaging technology development ppt

:- Radiology, also called diagnostic imaging, is a series of different tests that take pictures or images of various parts of the body.  Many of these tests are unique in that they allow doctors to see inside the body.  A number of different imaging exams can be used to provide this view, including X-ray, MRI, ultrasound, CT scan and PET scan.
Radiologists interpret a broad spectrum of diagnostic tests including x-rays, ultrasound, bone mineral densitometry, fluoroscopy, mammography, nuclear medicine, CT and MRI.
Working in a darkened laboratory in Würzburg in Germany in 1895, Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen noticed that a screen painted with a fluorescent material in the same room but a couple of feet away from a cathode ray tube he had energized and made lightproof, started to fluoresce.
 Rontgen recognized that the screen was responding to the nearby production of unknown rays transmitted invisibly through the room which he called “ x-ray”. Radiographic images began to be created, starting as a burst of ionizing radiation and causing a contrast image on a piece of film.
For his discovery Rontgen was honoured with the first Nobel prize in physics in 1901, and the public was fascinated with the ensuing developments and implications. Nevertheless, early radiologists were not concerned about the potential negative effects of x-rays, thus protective measures were not concerned about the potential negative effects of x-rays, thus protective measures were not introduced until 1904 after the death of clarence dally (the long-time assistant of Thom Edison in x-ray manufacture and testing.)
Radiology is an important part of medical care today. The field developed relatively quickly in the 20th century and thanks to computer technology and artificial intelligence(AI), is still advancing.
Radiology began in1895 when Wilhelm Rontgen accidentally discovered x-rays, which is a type of radiation that can penetrate most solid objects. The German physicist was studying what happened when he passed an electrical current through different gases at low pressure. To perform this experiment, he hooked up electrodes to a glass cathode tube and applied voltage to the gas; doing this causes a beam of beam of electrons, known as a cathode ray or electron beam, to go from one end of the tube to the other. Cathode rays glow a green color when they strike the walls of a glass tube.
Rontgen’s ultimate goal was to determine if the cathode rays could pass through glass, so he covered the tube in heavy black paper. The scientist was surprised when the rays not only passed through the glass, but they also passed through the paper, projecting the incandescent green light on to a fluorescent screen sitting a few feet away. Through experimentation, Rontgen learned that the mysterious light could pass through almost all solid objects. Because he did not know what the rays were, he called them x-rays, where the x means “ unknown”.
He also found that he could create images of objects put be

1. RADIOLOGY By md Afroz

2. ABOUT RADIOLOGY What is radiology :- Radiology, also called diagnostic imaging, is a series of different tests that take pictures or images of various parts of the body.  Many of these tests are unique in that they allow doctors to see inside the body.  A number of different imaging exams can be used to provide this view, including X-ray, MRI, ultrasound, CT scan and PET scan. Radiologists interpret a broad spectrum of diagnostic tests including x-rays, ultrasound, bone mineral densitometry, fluoroscopy, mammography, nuclear medicine, CT and MRI.

3. Why is important radiology Radiology is essential to the diagnosis of many diseases, particularly cancer . Early diagnosis saves lives . Without diagnosis there can be no treatment there can no cure . In Ontario every hour of every day and every patient . average of per day eight person will be diagnosed with some type of cancer three will die from cancer.

4. HISTORY OF RADIOLOGY Working in a darkened laboratory in Würzburg in Germany in 1895, Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen noticed that a screen painted with a fluorescent material in the same room but a couple of feet away from a cathode ray tube he had energized and made lightproof, started to fluoresce.  Rontgen recognized that the screen was responding to the nearby production of unknown rays transmitted invisibly through the room which he called “ x-ray”. Radiographic images began to be created, starting as a burst of ionizing radiation and causing a contrast image on a piece of film. For his discovery Rontgen was honoured with the first Nobel prize in physics in 1901, and the public was fascinated with the ensuing developments and implications. Nevertheless, early radiologists were not concerned about the potential negative effects of x-rays, thus protective measures were not concerned about the potential negative effects of x-rays, thus protective measures were not introduced until 1904 after the death of clarence dally (the long-time assistant of Thom Edison in x-ray manufacture and testing.)

5. Radiology is an important part of medical care today. The field developed relatively quickly in the 20 th century and thanks to computer technology and artificial intelligence(AI), is still advancing. Radiology began in1895 when Wilhelm Rontgen accidentally discovered x-rays, which is a type of radiation that can penetrate most solid objects. The German physicist was studying what happened when he passed an electrical current through different gases at low pressure. To perform this experiment, he hooked up electrodes to a glass cathode tube and applied voltage to the gas; doing this causes a beam of beam of electrons, known as a cathode ray or electron beam, to go from one end of the tube to the other. Cathode rays glow a green color when they strike the walls of a glass tube. Rontgen’s ultimate goal was to determine if the cathode rays could pass through glass, so he covered the tube in heavy black paper. The scientist was surprised when the rays not only passed through the glass, but they also passed through the paper, projecting the incandescent green light on to a fluorescent screen sitting a few feet away. Through experimentation, Rontgen learned that the mysterious light could pass through almost all solid objects. Because he did not know what the rays were, he called them x-rays, where the x means “ unknown”.

6. He also found that he could create images of objects put between the cathode rays would create images of objects of different thicknesses. At one point, his wife put her hand over the photographic plate, the x-ray, image showed the bones of her hand the ring she was wearing, surrounded by a faint outline created by her flesh. It was the first x-ray of a human body part. Within a year of first year, a Glasgow hospital opened its first radiology department, which produced the first pictures of a penny lodged in a child’s throat and of a kidney stone. Soon thereafter, an American doctor used x-ray to trace food as it made its way through the digestive tract. Sometimes around 1900, Thomas Edison developed fluoroscopy that creates somethings similar to an “x-ray move” by passing an x-ray beam through a body part as the person moves; the fluoroscopy machine then transmits the beam to a tv-like monitor so that doctors can see body parts and movements in detail. In 1918, George Eastman introduced film as an alternative to the pass photographic plates scientists previously used to capture x-ray images.

7. There are three type of radiology Diagnostic radiology Interventional radiology Radiation radiology Diagnostic radiology:- diagnostic radiology is a medical specialisation that involves undertaking a range of imaging procedures to obtain images of the inside of the body. The diagnostic radiologist then carefully interprets these images to diagnose illness and injury. Diagnostic radiology is at the core of clinical decision –making in modern medicine. Diagnostic imaging tests can include:- X-ray(plain radiography) CT(computed tomography) scans MRI(magnetic resonance imaging) scans Ultrasound examinations (also known as sonography) Nuclear medicine imaging techniques. Diagnostic radiologists know when an imaging test can help answer a question about a symptom, disease, injury or treatment and which tests will get the best result for each patient.

8. Interventional radiology :- interventional radiology is a medical specialization that involves performing a range of imaging procedures to obtain images of the inside of the body. The interventional radiologist carefully interprets these image to diagnose injury and disease, and to perform a range of interventional medical procedures. Interventional radiologist use imaging techniques such as x-ray, MRIs( magnetic resonance imaging) scans, fluoroscopy ( an x-ray procedure that make it possible to see internal organs in motion ), CT( computed tomography) scans and ultrasounds. Interventional radiologists perform a board range of procedure such as treating tumors, taking organ biopsies or placing stents by inserting tiny instruments and thin plastic tubes( catheters)in to the body via an artery or vein. The images are used to guide the catheters and instruments to the exact area where the procedure or treatment is to be performed. This reduces the need for traditional (open) or keyhole (laparoscopic) surgery as treatment can be given via a small plastic tube about the size of a straw. Continuing advances in technology mean the range of conditions that can be treated by interventional radiology is continuing to expand.

9. Interventional radiologists perform a wide range or procedures, including:- Angioplasty and stent insertion Ascitic tap Biliary drainage Bursal injection Carotid stenting Carpal tunnel ultrasound and injection Image guided cervical nerve root sleeve corticosteroid injection Image guided liver biopsy Image guided lumber epidural corticosteroid injection Inferior vena cava filters Joint injection Nephrostomy

10. radiation are man-made and include consumer products as well as diagnostic imaging tests like x-ray, CT scans and nuclear medicine studies. We are all exposed to radiation every day ,mainly from the sun and soil. Other sources of Radiation is any energy that comes from a source and travels through space, such as light or heat. x-ray are a form of radiant energy , like light , x-ray can penetrate the body, which enables x-ray to produce pictures or “images” of internal body structures. At UCSF and most other imaging centres these images are viewed on a computer monitor and stored electronically. In the field of interventional radiology, the x-ray images are used to assist with the placement of tubes or other devices in the body or with other therapeutic procedures and treatments.

11. What Is Radiology Used for? Radiology us used for a wide range of conditions, and is classified depending on the type of radiology and the exact imaging test used. The various imaging exams includes:- radiographs:-x-rays to look at bones, the chest or the abdomen. CT( computed tomography):- A CT captures multiple x-ray angles of the patient using a doughnut-shaped machine, then creates computer-processed images. MRI( magnetic resonance imaging):- An MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves computer processing to create images. Mammograms:- specially powered x-ray that look at breast tissues. Ultrasound:- An ultrasound uses sound waves to create moving images that display on a monitor, commonly used for echocardiograms and examining the womb during pregnancy. Fluoroscopy :- x-rays that make moving images of the body in real time. This imaging is crucial many procedures, especially those involving the gastrointestinal tract.

12. Nuclear medicine:- these are short –acting radioactive substances that generate light from bodily processes. A camera collects the light, so a computer can process it an develop an image.

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