Rainbow Tables

My Presentation at Barcamp ID in Jakarta 12 th Dec 2009 [revised]

1. Rainbow Tables Testing Passwords Security Jakarta , December 12 th 2009

2. About me Panggi Libersa a.k.a malcoder Student at Indonesia’s Computer University Like to take picture  Almost get his CEH certification ( waiting for exam) Member of GNU/Linux User Group at B andung [ Klub Linux Bandung ] Small web hosting owner [ hostinggokil.com , ofirnetwork.com (in progress) ] Web : malcoder.info and opensecuritylab.org Find me : @ panggi malcoder panggi_y2k panggi.libersa panggi panggi

3. “Some things Man was never meant to know. For everything else, there's Google” Geeky Quote

4. Why Do I talk about this ? Awareness of Security I promise that this will change your view on Password Security Haven’t met anyone that isn’t surprised at the power of this stuff’s ability to make cracking password become so easy

5. So , What is Password ? A  password  is a secret  word  or string of  characters  that is used for  authentication , to prove identity or gain access to a resource .The password must be kept  secret from those not allowed access . (source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password )

6. Password Usage

7. How to keep it secret ? Don’t tell to anybody else , keep it in mind (personal) Store the password records on a secure environment (provider)

8. Type of storing password Cleartext (ex : this-is-so-secret , 260987) Encrypted Reversible encryption without key ( ex : base64 cipher) Reversible encryption with key (ex : poly alphabetic substitution cipher) One Way Hash ( ex : md5 , sha1 ) One Way Hash with salt ( ex : md5 + salt )

9. Example of the encryption usage Base64 ( functions : encode and decode) Encode : cleartext -> ciphertext Decode : ciphertext -> cleartext cleartext : panggi encode ciphertext : cGFuZ2dp ciphertext : cGFuZ2dp decode cleartext : panggi

10. Polyalphabetic substitution cipher e x : Vigenère cipher Usage : Key: ABCDEF AB CDEFA BCD EFABCDEFABCD Plaintext : CRYPTO IS SHORT FOR CRYPTO GRAPHY Ciphertext : CSASXT IT UKSWT GQU GWYQVR KWAQJB

11. One Way Hash CAN NOT BE DECODED , feel secured ? Wait 

12. One way hash + salt I will explain later ..  NEXT

13. Our Focus Today Cracking One Way Hash Cipher MD5 LM (LAN MANAGER) for MS Windows Password

14. Characteristics MD5 : The 128-bit (16-byte) MD5 hashes (also termed  message digests ) are typically represented as a sequence of 32  hexadecimal  digits Example : test = 098f6bcd4621d373cade4e832627b4f6

15. LM : The user’s  ANSI  password is converted to  uppercase . This password is null-padded to 14 bytes. The “fixed-length” password is split into two 7-byte halves. These values are used to create two  DES  keys, one from each 7-byte half, by converting the seven bytes into a bit stream, and inserting a  parity-bit  after every seven bits. This generates the 64 bits needed for the  DES  key. Each of these keys is used to DES-encrypt the constant  ASCII  string “KGS!@#$%”, resulting in two 8-byte ciphertext values. The DES CipherMode should Set to ECB, and PaddingMode should set to NONE. These two ciphertext values are concatenated to form a 16-byte value, which is the LM hash.

16. Example : percobaan : 1016 : 3EABC00C9F7B74B09A0F5D12D8F612D0 :34976BC196DADD52A6D02AE530F806C3::: percobaan = username 1016 = ID 3EABC00C9F7B74B09A0F5D12D8F612D0 (LEFT side of LM password , it means the password is more than 7 chars) 34976BC196DADD52A6D02AE530F806C3 (RIGHT side of LM pass , so we just have to crack 7 chars and fit it together  )

17. Methods of cracking the passwords Brute Force Dictionary Rainbow Tables  our focus Etc…

18. Brute force Using all possible combination in sequence Example : Targeted hash : 4a8a08f09d37b73795649038408b5f33 OK.. Crack it .. a = 0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661 <= no b = 92eb5ffee6ae2fec3ad71c777531578f <= no c = 4a8a08f09d37b73795649038408b5f33 <= yes Result : Plaintext of 4a8a08f09d37b73795649038408b5f33 is “ c ”

19. Dictionary Given the wordlist of common passwords Example : Targetted hash : 3858f62230ac3c915f300c664312c63f dic -crack 3858f62230ac3c915f300c664312c63f - L “path-of-wordlist/wordlist.txt” searching…. … fooa <= 72b55c624205d69cc145cc610880e1f9 <= no f oobar <= 3858f62230ac3c915f300c664312c63f <= yes …

20. Rainbow Tables ? A  rainbow table  is a  lookup table  offering a  time-memory tradeoff  used in recovering the  plaintext   password  from a password hash generated by a  hash function , often a  cryptographic hash function . A common application is to make attacks against hashed passwords feasible ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_tables )

21. English please… Lookup table ? Trade-memory tradeoff ? <= ?

22. Time for the Demo Example : md5_hash.txt 20392298d6b78e0890cd22a7bf071c49 c9122fd7bae0681b62a39ddfc1c7fb19 469590a45cc7f985b53d15113157e6ea 31c9febeeb68929cd6c097239cf3e9d3 2e19ab163556288cf239f5339927e408 dcb76da384ae3028d6aa9b2ebcea01c9 d1cbedff31b828ac2f15548357988073 c94630fe9dea660ba53ddf5d3a41e802 73e405227c02a626e66f0dc4dd3a53a3 9486f7a4fdf724cf6cacbdc103661fce 26f803e714f7d39c0b5a9dd67d03f887 0248750eb423b999bd684b10668f7241 9ac17fc47347d505c92e3ca31fee675d b65a81125dbfaab4a3ecdff26a979309 3fde6bb0541387e4ebdadf7c2ff31123 d695f8f703c1b3b0dce9d588a4d4abad 86acaeb6d0f7241ea54b73528fa204ca 78c5d5ed7ea4372435e9f006b29ea745 75003783871e9404cd0793ca81594841 e63d33d7ad4b4360f761634de070a860 a9684b0defabebc108720fda1627f43d b150e73aa5fc110c27320c98effcc0f1 464b59d944c93b6a5eb3dfd0abf15114 4e3d682f0821b23f6d49fa1ac2cf154a d740ee7f1cd46b3d536a6f4331a4c77f 13781c244d5bb85a296bcbe4ac7992f7 bcdc908a16dbfe1297b4b0891ccf9ed7 10f97476043d02db1a236b877232c0a6 d81bf97286c617c77b679478ce8b72b2 7279f67e313cc35e518f94c775a42196

23. Result D:\hashcrack> rcrack d:\md5_tables\*. rt -l md5_hash.txt md5_alpha#1-7_0_2400x40000000_panggi#000.rt: 640000000 bytes read, disk access time: 9.99 s verifying the file... searching for 30 hashes... plaintext of 20392298d6b78e0890cd22a7bf071c49 is PANGGI plaintext of c9122fd7bae0681b62a39ddfc1c7fb19 is LOVE plaintext of 469590a45cc7f985b53d15113157e6ea is MUSTIKA cryptanalysis time: 377.34 s md5_alpha-numeric#1-7_0_2400x40000000_panggi#000.rt: 640000000 bytes read, disk access time: 73.13 s verifying the file... searching for 27 hashes... plaintext of 31c9febeeb68929cd6c097239cf3e9d3 is P4ST1 plaintext of d81bf97286c617c77b679478ce8b72b2 is 050479 cryptanalysis time: 102.56 s md5_alpha-numeric#1-7_0_2400x40000000_panggi#001.rt: 640000000 bytes read, disk access time: 60.70 s verifying the file... searching for 25 hashes... plaintext of 10f97476043d02db1a236b877232c0a6 is 7201421 cryptanalysis time: 28.19 s md5_alpha-numeric#1-7_0_2400x40000000_panggi#002.rt: 640000000 bytes read, disk access time: 68.28 s verifying the file... searching for 24 hashes... cryptanalysis time: 28.24 s md5_alpha-numeric#1-7_0_2400x40000000_panggi#003.rt: 640000000 bytes read, disk access time: 67.72 s verifying the file... searching for 24 hashes... cryptanalysis time: 27.81 s

24. md5_loweralpha#1-7_0_2100x8000000_panggi.rt: 128000000 bytes read, disk access time: 36.22 s verifying the file... searching for 24 hashes... plaintext of d1cbedff31b828ac2f15548357988073 is nashien plaintext of c94630fe9dea660ba53ddf5d3a41e802 is herc plaintext of 73e405227c02a626e66f0dc4dd3a53a3 is hayati cryptanalysis time: 79.63 s md5_loweralpha#1-7_1_2100x8000000_panggi.rt: 128000000 bytes read, disk access time: 2.86 s verifying the file... searching for 21 hashes... plaintext of 2e19ab163556288cf239f5339927e408 is nunung plaintext of dcb76da384ae3028d6aa9b2ebcea01c9 is sayang cryptanalysis time: 73.33 s md5_loweralpha#1-7_2_2100x8000000_panggi.rt: 128000000 bytes read, disk access time: 9.56 s verifying the file... searching for 19 hashes... cryptanalysis time: 69.08 s md5_loweralpha#1-7_3_2100x8000000_panggi.rt: 128000000 bytes read, disk access time: 2.45 s verifying the file... searching for 19 hashes... cryptanalysis time: 69.38 s md5_loweralpha#1-7_4_2100x8000000_panggi.rt: 128000000 bytes read, disk access time: 12.00 s verifying the file... searching for 19 hashes... cryptanalysis time: 69.20 s md5_loweralpha-numeric#1-7_0_2400x40000000_panggi#000.rt: 640000000 bytes read, disk access time: 17.91 s verifying the file... searching for 19 hashes... plaintext of 3fde6bb0541387e4ebdadf7c2ff31123 is 1q2w3e cryptanalysis time: 75.73 s md5_loweralpha-numeric#1-7_0_2400x40000000_panggi#001.rt: 640000000 bytes read, disk access time: 14.73 s verifying the file... searching for 18 hashes... plaintext of 26f803e714f7d39c0b5a9dd67d03f887 is 8u7y6t cryptanalysis time: 21.09 s

25. md5_loweralpha-numeric#1-7_0_2400x40000000_panggi#002.rt: 640000000 bytes read, disk access time: 13.91 s verifying the file... searching for 17 hashes... cryptanalysis time: 20.03 s md5_loweralpha-numeric#1-7_0_2400x40000000_panggi#003.rt: 640000000 bytes read, disk access time: 14.20 s verifying the file... searching for 17 hashes... plaintext of 9486f7a4fdf724cf6cacbdc103661fce is metty77 cryptanalysis time: 19.31 s md5_mixalpha-numeric-symbol14-space#1-6_0_2400x40000000_panggi#000.rt: 640000000 bytes read, disk access time: 14.41 s verifying the file... searching for 16 hashes... plaintext of 9ac17fc47347d505c92e3ca31fee675d is 4Dm1n plaintext of b65a81125dbfaab4a3ecdff26a979309 is Pa55 plaintext of d695f8f703c1b3b0dce9d588a4d4abad is UN1k0M plaintext of 75003783871e9404cd0793ca81594841 is G0D$ plaintext of 464b59d944c93b6a5eb3dfd0abf15114 is c(%H2n plaintext of d740ee7f1cd46b3d536a6f4331a4c77f is *$^#&3 plaintext of 13781c244d5bb85a296bcbe4ac7992f7 is h@xX0r cryptanalysis time: 33.47 s md5_mixalpha-numeric-symbol14-space#1-6_0_2400x40000000_panggi#001.rt: 640000000 bytes read, disk access time: 12.95 s verifying the file... searching for 9 hashes... plaintext of 0248750eb423b999bd684b10668f7241 is iMoeTh plaintext of e63d33d7ad4b4360f761634de070a860 is w_Bu5H plaintext of 4e3d682f0821b23f6d49fa1ac2cf154a is R@54In cryptanalysis time: 3.86 s md5_mixalpha-numeric-symbol14-space#1-6_0_2400x40000000_panggi#002.rt: 640000000 bytes read, disk access time: 12.92 s verifying the file... searching for 6 hashes... plaintext of 78c5d5ed7ea4372435e9f006b29ea745 is !Q@W#E plaintext of a9684b0defabebc108720fda1627f43d is 1!q^YW cryptanalysis time: 2.36 s

26. md5_mixalpha-numeric-symbol14-space#1-6_0_2400x40000000_panggi#003.rt: 640000000 bytes read, disk access time: 18.03 s verifying the file... searching for 4 hashes... plaintext of 86acaeb6d0f7241ea54b73528fa204ca is 5TR0n6 cryptanalysis time: 1.78 s md5_mixalpha-numeric-symbol14-space#1-6_0_2400x40000000_panggi#004.rt: 640000000 bytes read, disk access time: 12.38 s verifying the file... searching for 3 hashes... cryptanalysis time: 1.38 s md5_mixalpha-numeric-symbol14-space#1-6_0_2400x40000000_panggi#005.rt: 640000000 bytes read, disk access time: 12.41 s verifying the file... searching for 3 hashes... plaintext of b150e73aa5fc110c27320c98effcc0f1 is p@N66i cryptanalysis time: 1.38 s md5_mixalpha-numeric-symbol14-space#1-6_0_2400x40000000_panggi#006.rt: 640000000 bytes read, disk access time: 12.44 s verifying the file... searching for 2 hashes... cryptanalysis time: 0.94 s md5_numeric#1-9_0_3000x3000000_panggi#000.rt: 48000000 bytes read, disk access time: 0.72 s verifying the file... searching for 2 hashes... plaintext of bcdc908a16dbfe1297b4b0891ccf9ed7 is 29041987 plaintext of 7279f67e313cc35e518f94c775a42196 is 776284123 cryptanalysis time: 23.86 s statistics ------------------------------------------------------- plaintext found: 30 of 30 (100.00%) total disk access time: 499.91 s total cryptanalysis time: 1129.94 s total chain walk step: 453610884 total false alarm: 853120 total chain walk step due to false alarm: 675710917

27. result ------------------------------------------------------- 20392298d6b78e0890cd22a7bf071c49 PANGGI hex:50414e474749 c9122fd7bae0681b62a39ddfc1c7fb19 LOVE hex:4c4f5645 469590a45cc7f985b53d15113157e6ea MUSTIKA hex:4d555354494b41 31c9febeeb68929cd6c097239cf3e9d3 P4ST1 hex:5034535431 2e19ab163556288cf239f5339927e408 nunung hex:6e756e756e67 dcb76da384ae3028d6aa9b2ebcea01c9 sayang hex:736179616e67 d1cbedff31b828ac2f15548357988073 nashien hex:6e61736869656e c94630fe9dea660ba53ddf5d3a41e802 herc hex:68657263 73e405227c02a626e66f0dc4dd3a53a3 hayati hex:686179617469 9486f7a4fdf724cf6cacbdc103661fce metty77 hex:6d657474793737 26f803e714f7d39c0b5a9dd67d03f887 8u7y6t hex:387537793674 0248750eb423b999bd684b10668f7241 iMoeTh hex:694d6f655468 9ac17fc47347d505c92e3ca31fee675d 4Dm1n hex:34446d316e b65a81125dbfaab4a3ecdff26a979309 Pa55 hex:50613535 3fde6bb0541387e4ebdadf7c2ff31123 1q2w3e hex:317132773365 d695f8f703c1b3b0dce9d588a4d4abad UN1k0M hex:554e316b304d 86acaeb6d0f7241ea54b73528fa204ca 5TR0n6 hex:355452306e36 78c5d5ed7ea4372435e9f006b29ea745 !Q@W#E hex:215140572345 75003783871e9404cd0793ca81594841 G0D$ hex:47304424 e63d33d7ad4b4360f761634de070a860 w_Bu5H hex:775f42753548 a9684b0defabebc108720fda1627f43d 1!q^YW hex:3121715e5957 b150e73aa5fc110c27320c98effcc0f1 p@N66i hex:70404e363669 464b59d944c93b6a5eb3dfd0abf15114 c(%H2n hex:63282548326e 4e3d682f0821b23f6d49fa1ac2cf154a R@54In hex:52403534496e d740ee7f1cd46b3d536a6f4331a4c77f *$^#&3 hex:2a245e232633 13781c244d5bb85a296bcbe4ac7992f7 h@xX0r hex:684078583072 bcdc908a16dbfe1297b4b0891ccf9ed7 29041987 hex:3239303431393837 10f97476043d02db1a236b877232c0a6 7201421 hex:37323031343231 d81bf97286c617c77b679478ce8b72b2 050479 hex:303530343739 7279f67e313cc35e518f94c775a42196 776284123 hex:373736323834313233 D:\hashcrack>

28. Mr. @ ialexs ‘s request (pass : maLam1) K:\rainbow\hashcrack> rcrack k:\rainbow\md5_tables\md5_mixalpha-numeric*. rt -h 7d 62eaa2e2a3da203573dc408d31cd0d md5_mixalpha-numeric-symbol14-space#1-6_0_2400x40000000_panggi#000.rt: 640000000 bytes read, disk access time: 40.91 s verifying the file... searching for 1 hash... cryptanalysis time: 3.41 s md5_mixalpha-numeric-symbol14-space#1-6_0_2400x40000000_panggi#001.rt: 640000000 bytes read, disk access time: 45.14 s verifying the file... searching for 1 hash... cryptanalysis time: 0.45 s md5_mixalpha-numeric-symbol14-space#1-6_0_2400x40000000_panggi#002.rt: 640000000 bytes read, disk access time: 47.19 s verifying the file... searching for 1 hash... cryptanalysis time: 0.47 s md5_mixalpha-numeric-symbol14-space#1-6_0_2400x40000000_panggi#003.rt: 640000000 bytes read, disk access time: 45.22 s verifying the file... searching for 1 hash... cryptanalysis time: 0.44 s

29. md5_mixalpha-numeric-symbol14-space#1-6_0_2400x40000000_panggi#004.rt: 640000000 bytes read, disk access time: 46.28 s verifying the file... searching for 1 hash... plaintext of 7d62eaa2e2a3da203573dc408d31cd0d is maLam1 cryptanalysis time: 0.22 s statistics ------------------------------------------------------- plaintext found: 1 of 1 (100.00%) total disk access time: 224.73 s  See the time..  total cryptanalysis time: 4.98 s total chain walk step: 2876401 total false alarm: 2252 total chain walk step due to false alarm: 1882084 result ------------------------------------------------------- 7d62eaa2e2a3da203573dc408d31cd0d maLam1 hex:6d614c616d31 K:\rainbow\hashcrack>

30. Windows Password (LM) Dump it first K:\Pwdump7> PwDump7.exe > pass_win.txt Pwdump v7.1 - raw password extractor Author: Andres Tarasco Acuna url : http://www.514.es K:\Pwdump7>

31. pass_win.txt ( $ sign is censored by me ) Administrator:500:NO PASSWORD*********************:95C735766$$$$$$$$EAC22EC$$$$18CF::: Guest:501:NO PASSWORD*********************:NO PASSWORD*********************::: __vmware_user__:1011:NO PASSWORD*********************:2E4D88$$$$$$$$$$$$701F71FD7F63B9::: apache2triad:1013:A215FD4C479AAEC8$$$$$$$$$$465971:6B93A1E44490938$$$$$$$$$$E4C4D63::: okay:1014:3EABC00C9F7B74B09A0F5D12D8F612D0:34976BC196DADD52A6D02AE530F806C3::: HelpAssistant:1015:F681E43E4269$$$$$$3D27C551$$$$$$:32EB$$$$$$159997D$$$$$$1EC24BA2A::: percobaan:1016:3EABC00C9F7B74B09A0F5D12D8F612D0:34976BC196DADD52A6D02AE530F806C3:::  crack it

32. irc://irc.plaintext.info#rainbowcrack

33. How to secure it ? MD5 Use salted password ( not naked ) Example : <? function enchsetenev ($ toencode,$times ) {     $salt = 's+(_a*';     for($ zo =0;$ zo <$times;$ zo =$zo+1)     {         $ toencode = hash('sha512',salt.$toencode);         $ toencode = md5($ toencode.$salt );     }     return $ toencode ; } ?> how to use it ? simply.. <? $password="this password is super ultra mega secure and no one would decrypt it for atleast 10 years.. or even alot more :)"; $ supersecurepassword = enchsetenev ($password,1000);  ?>

34. LM Hash percobaan:1016:3EABC00C9F7B74B09A0F5D12D8F612D0:34976BC196DADD52A6D02AE530F806C3::: Use at least 15 characters and Windows will change it’s algorithm to more secure one ( NTLM )

35. Thank You