rapeseed and mustard - Crop production(agronomy)

1. COURSE TITLE :- FIELD CROPS - II ( KHARIEF ) COURSE NO. :- AGR 302 CREDIT LOAD :- 2+1 PRESENTED BY :- ( NITHYA)
2. TOPIC :- MUSTARD & RAPESEED Botanical Name : Brassica spp. Family : Brassicaceae ( Cruciferae )
3. INTRODUCTION Rapeseed & mustard are the 3rd most important edible oilseed crops of the world after soybean and oil palm.  Mustard is Brassica juncea, whereas Rapeseed is Brassica campestris.  This crop accounts for nearly one-third of the oil produced in India, making it the country’s key edible oilseed crop.  Seeds are known by different names in different places ; Sarson , Toria or Lahi are generally termed as Rapeseeds while Rai or Raya or Laha is termed as Mustard.  Oil content varies from 37 to 49%.
4. USES 1. Its oil & seeds are used in: ~ the preparation of pickles and for flavoring curries and vegetables. ~ human consumption ,. ~ preparation of hair oil and ,medicines ,soaps. ~ in mixture with mineral oils for lubrication. ~ Rapeseed oil is used in the manufacture of greases. 2. The oil cake is used as a cattle feed, its green stems and leaves are good source of green fodder for cattle. 3. The leaves of young plants are used as green vegetables. 4. In tanning industry, mustard oil is used for softening leather.
5. RAPESEED OIL MUSTARD OIL CANOLA OIL
6. ORIGIN& HISTORY The place of origin is not definitely known.  It’s cultivation has been traced to 2000-1500 B.C in India, China and Japan.  According to Prain (1898), Bailey (1922) and others: Rai (B.juncea) originated in China and from there it was introduced in India.  According to Vavilov (1926)the place of origin of Rapeseed (B. campestris) is eastern Afghanistan and adjoining parts of India & Pakistan.  Singh(1958) considered the B. campestris var. yellow sarson to the oldest of the various rapes & Mustard grown in India.
7. AREA AND DISTRIBUTION Rapeseed and mustard are grown in 53 countries of the world.  WORLD :- Area - 35.44 Million ha ( 2017-18 ) Production - 40.60 Million metric tons ( 2017-18 ) Productivity - 2.09 Metric tons per ha ( 2017-18 )  Major growing countries :- : India, Canada, China, Pakistan, Poland, Bangladesh & . Sweden , etc.  INDIA :- Area - 5.70 Million ha ( 2017-18 ) Production - 6.50 Million metric tons ( 2017-18 ) Productivity - 1 metric tons per ha ( 2017- 18 )  Major growing states of India :- U.P, Rajasthan, M.P, Haryana, Punjab, Assam, Bihar, . . Gujarat & West Bengal.  U.P alone produces about 20 % of total rapeseed & mustard production in India.  Total oilseed in J&K ( 2014-15 ) Area (000) Ha – 65.95 Production (000 Qtls ) – 583.8 yield ( Qt /ha ) – 8.85
8. Classification ( SINGH ,1958 ) B. campestris var. yellow sarson. B. campestris var. brown sarson B. campestris var. yellow toria B. campestris var. black toria. B. Juncea B. juncea var. rugose B. nigra SPECIES
9. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION • Family : Cruciferae • Genus : Brassica • Plant is self-pollinated but cross pollination also takes place to some extent.

1. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF RAPESEED AND MUSTARD

2. Rape seed and Mustard are the major rabi oilseed crops of India . They occupy a prominent place being 3 rd most important next to groundnut both in area and production meeting the fat requirement of about 50% population . India contributes the lions share in production of rape seed and mustard and stands 1 st in the world. In India , Uttar Pradesh alone produces about 60% of total rape seed and mustard .

3. ICAR-DRMR The Indian council of agricultural research (ICAR) established the national research center on rape seed- mustard ( NRCRM). This is later re-designated as Directorate of rape seed mustard research (DMDR). The basic mandate of this is , stratergic and adaptive research on rape seed –mustard to improve the productivity and quality.

4. All modes of uses in general Oil Seeds/spices Fertilizer Medium of preservation Seed meal Medicinal application Industrial application

5. About oil The oil is utilized as for the human consumption throughout north India and eastern part of india for cooking purposes . Two types of mustard oils are famous in India 1. kacchi ghani type. 2. refined oil type The kacchi ghani type is mostly prefered by the consumers due to its pungency and colour . The refined oil is prefered by health conscious people.

6. OIL CONTENT : Used in : Prepearation of hair oils and medicines It is used in soap making by mixing it with mineral oils for lubrication . It is used in manufacturing of greases Based for preservative like pickels and chutneys Oil recovery from seeds id 33% Mustard oil contain erucic acid in high amount and it is removed before use as an edible oil .

7. Seeds are directly used in the preparation of almost all curries particularly in the process called “TADKA”.

8. Green stems and leaves are also used as fodder for cattle. The leaves of young plants are used as green vegetables They supply enough sulphur and mineral in the diet .

9. The oil cake is used as a cattle feed and manure Manure – 5.2 N , 1.0 P2O5 and 1.4 K2O. Due to glycosinolates , mustard cake is not sutable for human purpose as it adversley affects protein . Cake recovery from seeds on an average is 67%

10. Seed extract after recovering oil is used as feed The rapeseed meal is rich in protein and low in glucosinolate content Hence has high demand for cattle feed and poultry feed in India Meal from these crops is having high demand from feed millers and is exported to various foreign and mediterranean countries. The seed meal is an important source of export earning .

11. The seed and oil are used as condiments in the preparation of pickels and for falvouring curries and vegetables north India mostly mustard oil is preferd by people. The pickel industries also started as a small scale industry ,providing livelihood for many people.

12. Medicinal corner Its seeds and oil has traditionally been used in relieve of muscle pain , rheumatismand arthritic pain . In India mustard oil is applied to scalp and believed that it stimulates the hair growth. the ground seeds act as a laxative, stimulate to the gastric mucosa and increase intestinal secretion It strengthens the gums if taken with salt and alum. It is also noticed that sleeping on mustard seeds gives the bio- energetic healing massage effect. Moreover, it is used to relieve the back-ache ,muscle pain , anxiety, depression and insomnia.

13. Mustard oil is banned in EU,USA and Canada, principally due to its erucic acid content.It is allowed for external use only . HEALTH RISKS OF OIL WITH ERUCIC ACID : Accumilation of triglycerides in the heart. Development of fribriotic lesions of the heart. Increases in the risk of lung cancer and anemia.

14. IN INDIA: In Delhi, mustard oil is banned in 1998, due to alarming increase in dropsy. DROPSY EPIDEMIC : A dropsy epidemic –caused by adulterated edible mustard oil, has hit India. Investigations have revealed that the mustard oil , which is widely used in cooking was deliberately adulterated with poisonous Argemonic mexiana seed oil by unscruplous traders. Nearly 50 people died due to this in delhi .

15. Industrial uses In tanning industry, mustard oil is used for softening leather . Rape seed oil is used in making greases . The presence of erucic acid in high amount leads to immense industrial applications (HEAR) HIGH ERUCIC ACID RAPESEEDS ,used in lubricant to paper ,textiles and plastic industry . The global market for low erucic acid rapeseed oil is increasing day by day .