readings in the Philippine history REPORT.pdf



from the viewer, the smaller is the size of the object. Relative size is supported by the concept of linear perspective. Parallel lines that meet at the horizon give the illusion of distance. Objects, therefore, become smaller the nearer they are to the point in the horizon where the two lines converge.
Atmospheric Perspective. This is also known as aerial perspective. The illusion of depth is created by techniques known as gradient (a gradual change). This may be a gradient in texture, brightness, color intensity, and combination of warm and cool colors. To understand gradient better, the picture plane is divided into three parts: the lower part is the foreground, which is nearest to the viewer, the second is the middle ground, and the upper part of the picture plane is the background. In applying gradient to give the illusion of depth, objects in the foreground would be bigger, detailed, and brighter. As the eye moves to the middle ground, the objects' appearance would gradually change. In the middle ground objects would be smaller compared with those in the foreground. There would be less detail, and colors are not so bright. When the viewer looks at the background, objects will be smaller, they will have very little detail, and the colors are hazy giving the illusion of distance.

1. MAKING SENSE OF
THE PAST
HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION

2. History
•
•

Study of the past
How it impacts the
present through its
consequences.

3. Geoffrey Barraclough
•


Is a English historian, known
as a medievalist and
historian of Germany.

4. •
•
He defines history as “the attempt to discover,
on the basis of fragmentary evidence, the
significant things about the past”.

He also notes “the history we read, though
based on facts, is strictly speaking, not factual
at all, but a series of accepted judgments”.

5. Historical
Interpretation

6. Historical Interpretation
•
•
•
•
•
Is the process by which we describe, analyze,
evaluate, and create an explanation of past
events.
Causality (what made something happen)
Processes (revolutions, economic depressions)
Conflicts (social class, race, gender)
Historical Outcomes (effects of past events)

7. •
•
•

Interpretations of historical events change over
time; thus, it is important skill for a student of
history to track these changes in an attempt to
understand the past.

Interpretation of the past, therefore, vary
according to who reads the primary source,
when it was read and how it is read.

An historian must be well equipped to
recognize different types of interpretation, how
does types of interpretation differ on each
other, how to critically sift these interpretations
through historical evaluation.

8. Synthesis
(Combining)
•Historical Interpretation requires synthesizing a
variety of evidence, primary and secondary.

9. •
•
Additionally, synthesis may involve applying
insights about the past to other historical
contexts or circumstances, including the
present.

These insights (secondary sources) may come
from social science theories and perspectives
and/or the writings of other historians
(historiography).

10. Interpretation

11. Interpretation
•
•

Are in essence
thoughtful efforts to
represent and explain
past events.
Is the act of explaining,
reframing, or otherwise
showing your own
understanding of
something.

12. Elements Of
Interpretation

13. Purposeful, Thoughful Efforts
•
•
Interpretations are conscious reflections on the
past, not simply irrational spur-of-the-moment
opinions.
Take time to apply logic and organization to
your explanation of the past-not merely emote
or react to the evidence.

14. Representations
•
•
Interpretations are efforts to give an audience
an image or description of the event/issue
being focused on.
We cannot recreate the past perfectly, but we
can try to represent faithfully how events
transpired by ground our version in the
historical evidence.

15. Past Events
•
•
•
•
Interpretations are the reflections of those of
us studying the past, not of the participants in
those events.
We refer to the collection representations of
the past done by historians as historiography.
The views of participants from the past
constitute our primary sources or historical
evidence.
Without the process of reflection removed
from the event by time the creator of the view
is inevitably partially influenced by the impact
the person/event had on them.

16. Multiperspectivity

17. Multiperspectivity
•
•
This can be defined as a way of looking at
historical events, personalities, developments,
cultures, and societies from different
perspectives.

This means that there is a multitude of ways by
which we can view the world, and each could
be equally valid, and at the same time, equally
partial as well.

18. •
•
•
It applies to historical writings in such a way
that different historians interpret the historic
events with their own views of perspective.

Different historians have different points of
view and can deliver different interpretations of
the same subject matter.

Multiprepectivity can create
complexinformation but it will dig deeper
understanding if we look into different
perspectives of historiansin the same event.

19. Ways A Historian May
Fail In His Historical
Interpretation

20. 1.
2.
3.
Historical writing is, by definition, biased,
partial, and contains preconceptions. The
historian decides on what sources to use,
what interpretation to make more apparent,
depending on what his end is.
Historians may misinterpret evidence,
attending to those that suggest that a certain
event happened, and then ignore the rest that
goes against the evidence.
Historians may omit significant facts about
their subject, which makes the interpretation
unbalanced.

21. 4. Historians may impose a certain ideology to
their subject, which may not be appropriate to
the period the subject was from.

5. Historians may also provide a single cause
for an event without considering other possible
causal explanations of said event.

22. Historical
Errors
Examples

23. Code Of
Kalantiaw

24. Code of Kalantiaw
•
•
The Code of Kalantiaw is a mythical legal code
in the epic history Maragtas.
Before it was revealed as a hoax, it was a
source of pride for the people of Aklan. In fact,
a historical marker was installed in the town of
Batan, Aklan in 1956.

25. Content Of The
Historical Marker
•“CODE OF KALANTIAW. Datu Bendehara Kalantiaw,
third Chief of Panay, born in Aklan, established his
government in the peninsula of Batang, Aklan Sakup.
Considered the First Filipino Lawgiver, he
promulgated in about 1,433, a penal code now known
as Code of Kalantiyaw containing 18 articles. Don
Marcelino Orilla of Zaragoza, Spain, obtained the
original manuscript from an old chief of Panay which
was later translated into Spanish by Rafael Murviedo
Yzamaney.”

26. HOAX
•It was only in 1968 that
it was proved a hoax,
when William Henry
Scott, then a doctoral
candidate at the
University of Santo
Tomas, defended his
research on pre-
Hispanic sources in
Philippine history.

27. •
•
He attributed the code to a historical fiction
written in 1913 by Jose E. Marco titled Las
Antiguas Leyendas de la Isla de Negros.
Marco attributed the code itself to a priest
named Jose Maria Pavon.

Prominent Filipino historians did not dissent
to Scott’s findings, but there are still some
who would like to believe that the code is a
legitimate document.

28. Sa Aking Mga
Kababata

29. Sa Aking Mga Kababata
•

Is a poem purportedly written by Jose Rizal
when he was eight years old and is probably
one of Rizal’s prominent works.

30. Proof
There is no evidence to support the
claim that this poem was Rizals

31. No Manuscript Of The Poem
•
•
The poem was first published in 1906, in a
book by Hermenegildo Cruz.
Cruz said he received the poem from Gabriel
Beato Francisco, who claimed to have received
it in 1884 from Rizal’s close friend, Saturnino
Raselis. Rizal never mentioned writing this
poem anywhere in his writings, and more
importantly, he never mentioned of having a
close friend by the person of Raselis.

32. Kalayaan And Kalayahan
•
•
•
The poem was written in Tagalog and referred to
the word “kalayaan”.
But it was documented in Rizal’s letters that he
first encountered the word through Marcelo H.
del Pilar’s translation of Rizal’s essay “El Amor
Patrio”, where it was spelled as “kalayahan”.
While Rizal’s native tongue was Tagalog, he was
educated in Spanish, starting from his mother.
Later on, he would express disappointment in his
difficulty in expressing himself in his native
tongue.

33. Spelling
•
•
The poem’s spelling is also suspect – the use
of letters “k” and “w” to replace “c” and “u”,
respectively was suggested by Rizal as an adult.
If the poem was indeed written during his time,
it should use the original Spanish orthography
that was prevalent in his time.

34. Historical interpretation is a vital part of
good history. Through interpretation, historians
decide what is worth talking about, and make
judgments about cause and effect.

It would be impossible to do history without
interpretation. Even the decision to study some
things and ignore others is an act of
interpretation.

Historian utilize facts collected from primary
sources and then draw their own reading so that
their intended audience may understand the
historical event, a process that in essence, make
sense of the past.

35. THANK YOU
Banwa, Harlee
Guimpatan, Marrero
Mendoza, Niel Fred