reasoning ppt.pptx

Cognitive reasoning is the ability to analyze and perceive any given information from different perspectives by breaking it down into manageable components and structuring the information in a logical order. Cognitive reasoning is an integral part of cognitive ability.

1. REASONING Aqsa shahid

2. Tiles of Reasoning

3. What Is Reasoning ? “ reasoning is step wise thinking with a Purpose or goal in mind. The process of creating or generating conclusion from evidence .

4. Nature Of Reasoning It is a form of logical thinking. It is characterized by rigid control that keeps it in close contact with reality. It is always directed towards the achievement of a specific goal. Reasoning does not occur unless has a question arisen for which there is no ready answer .

5. Development Of Reasoning It is an active question in psychology how, why, and when the ability to reason develops from infancy to adulthood. According to the neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development , changes in reasoning with development come from increasing working memory capacity , increasing speed of processing, and enhanced executive functions and control . Increasing self-awareness is also an important factor. the cognitive scientists Hugo Mercier and Dan Sperber put forward an "argumentative" theory of reasoning, claiming that humans evolved to reason primarily to justify our beliefs and actions and to convince others in a social environment

6. Types Of Reasoning Deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning. Analogical reasoning. Abductive reasoning. Fallacious reasoning. Causal reasoning. Sign reasoning. Decompositional reasoning. Reasoning from authority .

7. Deductive Reasoning It goes from specific to general. Deductive reasoning is a logical approach where you progressed from general ideas to specific conclusions. Example: All students in this class play guitar. Sam is a student of this class. Therefore, Sam plays guitar. In deductive reasoning conclusion to be true if the premises are true. If one of the premises are not true , then the conclusion is also not true

8. Inductive Reasoning It goes from general to specific. Inductive reasoning is the process of using examples and observations to reach a conclusion. It derives general principles from specific observations. Example: The teacher used ppt in the last few classes therefore the teacher will use ppt tomorrow. In inductive reasoning, conclusion is not guaranteed to be true if the premises are true

9. Analogical Reasoning Analogical reasoning is a form of inductive reasoning from a particular to a particular. It is often used in case-based reasoning, especially legal reasoning. Analogical reasoning is a weaker form of inductive reasoning from a single example, because inductive reasoning typically uses a large number of examples to reason from the particular to the general. Analogical reasoning often leads to wrong conclusions. Example, Premise 1: Socrates is human and male. Premise 2: Ella is human. Conclusion: Ella is male.

10. Abductive Reasoning Abductive reasoning, or argument to the best explanation often involves both inductive and deductive arguments. What separates abduction from the other forms of reasoning is an attempt to favor one conclusion above others, by attempting to falsify alternative explanations or by demonstrating the likelihood of the favored conclusion, given a set of more or less disputable assumptions .

11. Fallacious Reasoning Flawed reasoning in arguments is known as fallacious reasoning. Reasoning within arguments can be bad because it commits either a formal fallacy or an informal fallacy. Formal Fallacies: Formal fallacies occur when there is a problem with the form, or structure, of the argument. The word 'formal' refers to this link to the form of the argument. An argument that contains a formal fallacy will always be invalid. 2. Informal fallacies: An informal fallacy is an error in reasoning that occurs due to a problem with the content, rather than mere structure, of the argument. Reasoning that commits an informal fallacy often occurs in an argument that is invalid, that is, contains a formal fallacy. An argument can be valid, that is, contain no formal reasoning fallacies, and yet still contain an informal fallacy

12. Causal Reasoning Causal reasoning refers to all cognition about cause and effect, except learning. “Reasoning” can refer to any post-learning cognitive processing, and the qualifier “causal” stipulates concern with cause and effect This reasoning is used to explain what may happen if an action takes place or why things happen when some conditions are present. This type of reasoning commonly guides everyday decision-making, in cases where people draw on personal experience and a desire to improve. This type of reasoning can help people trust your arguments, especially if you are accurate most of the time.

13. Sign Reasoning

14. She is not attending my call. She must be busy!!!

15. Decompositional Reasoning Deccompositional reasoning is the process of breaking things into constituent parts to understand the function of each component and how it contributes to the operation of the item as a whole. By analyzing each part independently, decompositional reasoning allows an observer to draw powerful conclusions about the whole. You find this approach in several disciplines, including science, engineering, marketing, product development, game development and software development

16. Reasoning from Authority It is used when a person argues that a particular claim is justified because it is held or advocate by a credible source. You can ask argument be accepted simply because someone you consider an authority advocates it. You can support your arguments with the credibility of another person

17. Theories of Reasoning

18. Mental Logic Theory The hypothesis that reasoning depends on a mental logic postulates two main steps in making a deductive inference. We recover the logical forms of the premises. We use formal rules to prove a conclusion.

19. Heuristic Approach Heuristics are mental shortcuts for solving problems in a quick way that delivers a result that is sufficient enough to be useful given time constraints.

20. Types of Heuristics Affect It emphasizes the instant emotions generated in individuals in response to a stimulus. It could be any positive or negative feeling they experience at a particular moment and in a specific situation. Anchoring In this approach, individuals or entities make judgments based on the very first set of information they get called “anchor”. Since the decision is usually made in a hurry, it may be inaccurate. Availability It is a process in which persons or entities recall previous related instances and evaluate their effectiveness in resolving problems.

21. Conti…. Representativeness This technique makes individuals or entities evaluate the likelihood of a solution to a problem or conclusion in a situation based on a similar past event that acts as representative data .

22. Heuristic Example Let us consider the following examples to understand the concept better: Example #1 If someone is trying to decide whether to go to a particular restaurant they might base their decisions on whether they can easily recall hearing good things about the restaurant .

23. Difference between Reasoning & Thinking REASONIG THINKING Reasoning is a mental process that uses logics. Thinking is a mental process which produces thoughts. Reasoning is always a conscious efforts. Thinking can be either conscious or unconscious. Logic plays a key role in reasoning. Logic does not play a key role in thinking. Reasoning is a sub category of the though process. Thinking is a large process.

24. How to Improve Reasoning Skills Engaging in Activities that Require Critical Thought. Keep trying new things. Exercise. Journal. Play games that require reasoning skills. Strategic board games, games like chess, and word games all help reasoning skills. Do not make assumptions. Give Attention on situations.