recombinant dna technology recombinant dna technology.ppt

RECOMBINANT DNA

1. APPLICATIONS OF RECOMBINANT DNA
TECHNOLOGY

2. Biotechnology: In, general biotechnology implies the use of microorganisms,
plants and animals or parts for the production of useful compounds.
Recombinant DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA technique combine DNA from different sources to produce
microorganisms (factories)that produce interferon's ,hormones ,enzymes, drugs and
vaccines on an industrial scale .
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Plants, animals and microorganisms have become source for the production of
pharmaceuticals.
Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology: Benefits of Combination:
When the two disciplines pharmaceuticals and biotechnology come together, they
result in many advantages for human kind in terms of healthcare.
This is possible through pharmacogenomics (derived from pharmacology' and
'genomics') which refers to the study of how the genetic inheritance affects
individual human body’s response to drugs.

3. Pharmacogenomics: is the study of how the genetic inheritance of an individual
affects his/her body response to drug .it is a coined word derived from the words
pharmacology and genomics .It is therefore the study of the relationship between
pharmaceuticals and genetics .The vision of pharmacogenomics is to be able to
design and produce drugs that are adapted to each personal genetic makeup .
Pharmacogenomics results in the following benefits:
1.development of tailor-made medicine ;using pharmacogenomics ,pharmaceutical
companies can create drugs based on the protein ,enzymes and RNA molecules that
are associated with specific genes and diseases .
2.More accurate methods of determining appropriate drug dosages. Knowing a
patient genetics will enable doctors to determine how will his/her body can process
and metabolize a medicine .
3.Improvement in the drug discovery .Genes have been associated with numerous
diseases and disorders ,with biotechnology these genes can be used as targets for the
development of effective new therapies .
4.Better vaccines : safer vaccines can be designed and produced by organisms
transformed by means of genetic engineering .they will be inexpensive ,stable ,easy
to store and capable of being engineered to carry several strains of pathogen at once.

4. Biopharmaceuticals:
Biopharmaceuticals are related to medical drugs that are created with the help of biotechnology
techniques. These are derived from living substances are proteins such as antibodies and nucleic
acids such as DNA, RNA, antisense and oligonucleotide in nature. Some human growth
hormones are also produced by biopharmaceutical companies. Other examples include
production of erythropoietin to control anaemia, relaxing to aid child birth, synthesis of serum
and albumin protein used as plasma supplement, interferon α, β, and interleukins used in the
ϒ
management of cancers. Genetically modified microorganisms, have been produced such as E.
coli or yeast for the production of biosynthetic substances like insulin and antibiotics. It can also
deals with transgenic animals or transgenic plants, such as Bt corn. Genetically altered
mammalian cells, such as Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO), are also used to manufacture
certain pharmaceuticals .

6. Some of the Biopharmaceutical categories :o.
1 Cytokines
i. Interferons (α-2a, β-2a)
ii. Interleukins (Interleukin-2)
iii. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)
iv. Granulocyte macrophage stimulating factor (G-CSF)
2 Enzymes
i. Altephase (Plasminogen activator)
ii. Dornase α (Pulmozyme for cystic fibrosis)
iii. Imiglucerase (for treatment of Gaucher’s disease)
3 Hormones
i. Lispro
ii. Epotein alfa (for treatment of anemia)
iii. Recombinant human growth hormone
4 Clotting factors
i. Antihemophilic factor (for treatment of hemophilaB)
ii. Factor IX (for treatment of hemophilia
Vaccines
i. Hepatitis B
ii. Ebola
iii. Cholera

7. MoAb muromonab-CD3 (treatment of immune system
rejection)
MoAb Infliximab cA2 (treatment of Crohn’s Disease)
7 Enzyme inhibitors
Clavulinic acid
Ancovenin
Streptovaricin
Streptonigrin
Lovastatin
Monacolin K
8 Immunosuppressors
Cyclosporin
Rapamycin
9 Polyamino acids
Epsilon poly-L-lsine
Polyglutamic acid
Cyanophycin

8. EXAMPLES OF BIOPHARMACEUTICSLS ,RECOMBINANT
ORGANISMS AND THEIR USES :
Artemisinin Recombinant E. coli
Anti-malarial drug.
Paclitaxel (Taxol) Recombinant E. coli Anti-
cancer agent anti-neoplastic drug.
Eleutherobin Recombinant E. coli
Anti-cancer agent.
Recombivax Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Hepatitis B

9. Construction of a Chimera (Recombinant DNA):
1.Isolation of target DNA:by enzymes(Restriction endonucleases),these enzymes
leaves short tails called (sticky ends)that base-pair with tail of another
segment(plasmid) .
Target DNA & plasmid are cut by the same enzyme.
2.Ligation :By ligase enzyme.
3.Transformation :Introduce the recombinant DNA into a cloning host
(

bacteria or yeast.
)
4.Gene expression :production of protein.
Chimera:Is a monster with a lion's head ,goat body ,& a serpent's tail
Genetic engineering :Science that manipulate ,alter ,& analyze the genetic material
of microbes plants ,animals ,& viruses.

10. Cloning in bacteria: