Redgram ppt

HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF RED GRAM

1. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF RED GRAM

2. OVERVIEW INTRODUCTION AREA,PRODUCTION & PRODUCTIVITY LAND PREPARATION SOURCE OF SEED FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT SEED TREATMENT SEED RATE SOWING & SPACING

3. ANTHESIS & FLOWERING FLOWERING MORPHOLOGY EMASCULATION & POLLINATION PEST & DISEASE HARVESTING SEED STANDARDS FIELD STANDARDS NEW HYBRID & VARIETIES IMPORTANCE RECENT WORKS

4. SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION KINGDOM : PLANTAE ORDER: FABALES FAMILY: FABACEAE GENUS: CAJANUS SPECIES: CAJAN CHROMOSOME No.:2n:22

5. INTRODUCTION It contains: Protein: 22.3% Fat: 1.7% It is a protein-rich staple food It is a perennial legume crop It is a second important pulse crop in the country It is a drought resistant crop It is rich in lysine, riboflavin, thiamine, niacin and iron

6. It also plays an important role in sustaining soil fertility by improving physical properties of soil Wild relatives like Mansi occur in tropical deciduous woodlands Red gram crop is used as food crop and forage/cover crop It is the primary accompaniment to rice/roti

7. AREA, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY AREA: 4.01 Million Hectares PRODUCTION: 2.65 Million Tonnes PRODUCTIVITY: 661 Kg/Hectare Area: Maharashtra (32.37%) > Karnataka (18.76%) > Andhra Pradesh (12.75%) Production: Maharashtra (39.24%) > Karnataka (17.57%) > Andhra Pradesh (10.94%) Productivity: Andhra Pradesh (652.2) > Madhya Pradesh (620)

8. LAND PREPARATION Plough the land to get fine tilth . Since it is a deep rooted crop, deep ploughing is necessary Then form 1.5 feet ridges and furrows

9. FERTILIZERS Apply fertilizers basally before sowing Rainfed:12.5kg N:25kg p2o5:12.5kg k2o Irrigated:25kg N:50kg p2o5:25kg k2o Apply FYM @ 10-12 tonnes /ha at time of last ploughing

10. SELECTION OF LAND Red sandy loam soils, well drained black soils are suitable Saline, saline-alkaline soils prone for inundation during crop period is not suitable Neutral pH Deep loam soil Higher organic matter will lead to production of vigorous seed

11. SEED TREATMENT During germination the fungus present in the soil effect the germination percent by causing seed decay To control this, treat the seed with capton / thiram 2 gm/kg seed Rhizobial seed treatment

12. SEED RATE The seeding rate of Pigeon pea depends on the desired plant density for a genotype, cropping system, germination rate and mass of the seed Early maturing varieties - 20 to 25 kg/hectare Medium/Late maturing varieties – 15 to 20 kg/hectare

13. SOWING AND SPACING Sowing time and method: Early maturing varieties: First fortnight of June Medium/Late maturing varieties: Second fortnight of June Line sowing by seed-drill or desi plough By dibbling on the ridge and bed Spacing : Early maturing varieties: 45 - 60 * 10 - 15 cm Medium/Late maturing varieties : 60 - 75 * 15 - 20 cm

14. ROGUING Done at flowering, pod formation stage, prior to harvest Remove the male fertile plants by examining the color of the anther in the female rows at the time of first flower formation One day before flower opening, the plants with translucent white anther alone are retained in the female rows The above operation should be completed in 7 – 10 days time by daily visit to the field. Incase of male parent, remove immature pods set in the plant from time to time to induce continuous flowering to ensure pollen availability for a longer period

15. Later flowering plants are also to be removed in female plant

16. ANTHESIS AND FLOWERING Anthesis : Flowers start opening early in the morning in the summer and by noon during winter, continuous opening throughout the day. The length of time flower remains open is influenced by the weather Flowering: Individual flower consists of calyx with 5 sepals and corolla with a standard petal, 2 wings, petals and a keel petal

17. There are 10 stamens : 9 fused in a column and 1 free 1 stigma is covered of central stamen in column

18. FLOWERING MORPHOLOGY Petioles are short, slender, grouped and subtended by small stipules Terminal leaflets are on longer stalk and are longer than laterals, leaflets are 5 – 10 cms long Inflorescence is small, racemes mostly axillary and sometimes terminal 4 – 12 cms long Flowers are yellow, sometimes tinged red or purple

19. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION Male sterile Female parent Male line Male Sterile Line: In some Red gram varieties, the anthers are unable to produce pollen grains. These are called Male Sterile Lines. These lines are used as female parent in hybrid seed production. Male Line: At the time of hybrid seed production, the male sterile female parent is crossed with another variety having usual pollen grains. The variety which is having pollen grains is called Male Line

20. EMASCULATION AND POLLINATION EMASCULATION: Removal of anthers from flower Use hand eliminate a half of bud Use forceps to remove the anther in stamens

21. POLLEN COLLECTION AND POLLINATION: Collect pollen from the male parent during early morning Pollinate on the stigma of emasculated flower Bag the pollinated flower to prevent out crossing

22. PEST AND DISEASES Plant Protection PESTS Pod borer Blister beetle DISEASE Downy mildew Sterility mosaic virus Root rot

23. DISEASE : WILT : Dark purpel bands appear on the stem surface extending upwards From the base Main stem of such plants is split open ,intensive blackening of the xylem can be seen In humid weather, a pinkish mycelium growth is commonly observed at the basal portions of the wilted plants CONTROL MEASURES : Seed treatment with T richoderma viride @10g/kg of seed Soil application – trichoderma viride -2.5kg/ha+50kg of well decomposed FYM

24. Sterility mosaic disease : It is caused by mosaic virus and spread from plant to plant under field conditions through Eriophyid mite Leaves become small and cluster near branch tips and reduce in size It is seen in vegetative growth and pre-flowers stage CONTROL MEASURES : Spray Fenazaquin 10EC @1ml/lit of water on 45 and 60 DAS Rogue out the infected plants in the early stages of growth : Phytophthara blight : symptoms are circular or irregular water soaked lesions on leaves The lesions on the stem and branches increases rapidly, gridles , cracks and dries the stem Infected stem and branches break easily in the wind CONTROL MEASURES : Seed treated with metalaxyl 35WS @ 3g/kg of seed

25. PESTS : POD BORERS : The larvae, after hatching, feed on tender leaves and twings but a pod formation they punctuer pods and feed on developing grains CONTROL MEASURES : Spray indoxacarb 15.8%sc @333ml/ha TUR POD FLY : stripes can be seen on the surface of the effected grains, while the attacked pods are somewhat twisted or deformed CONTROL MEASURES : Pest can be controlled by spraying monocrotophos 36 SL 1 liter in 800-1000 liters of water per hacter PLUME MOTH : The larvae damaged seeds as well cause flowers, buds, pods to drop CONTROL MEASURES : Apply the neem oil 2% POD-SUCKING BUGS : Damaged seeds become shriveled and develop dark patches CONTROL MEASURES : Soil application of carbofuron 3G @15kg/ha at sowing

26. HARVESTING AND THRESHING With two-third to three-fourth pods at maturity judged by changing their color to brown is the best harvesting time Plants are usually cut with a sickle with in 75 cms above the ground Harvested plants should be left in the field for sun drying for 3 – 6 days depending on season Threshing is done either by beating the pods with stick or using Pullman thresher

27. The proportion of seed to pods is generally 50 – 60% The clean seeds should be sun dried for 3 – 4 days to bring their moisture content at 9 – 10% to safely store in appropriate bins YIELD: Irrigated: 25 – 30 Q/Hectare Rainfed : 15 – 20 Q/Hectare

28. FIELD STANDARDS Foundation Seed Certified Seed Isolation distance 200 m 100 m Off-types 0.10% 0.20%

29. SEED STANDARDS The Percentage of maximum Physical purity of certified and foundation seed should be 98%. With maximum germination capacity of 75%. The maximum moisture content should be 9%. The presence of other crop variety should be 10/kg for foundation and that of certified seed should be 20/kg of seed

30. NEW HYBRIDS AND VARIETIES HYBRIDS : ICRISAT has developed ICPH 2740 and ICPH 2671 These hybrids having 30% more yield potential than other hybrids Maturity duration is 180 days Seed yield is 1500-1600 kg/ha VARIETIES : LRG52 named A maravathi after new capital of A ndhra P radesh Its yield potential is 2 tonnes /ha under rainfed conditions and 3 tonnes under irrigated conditions Moderately tolerant to H elicoverpa , M aruca , pod fly, F usarium wilt and sterility mosaic diseases It reaches maturity in 150 days.

31. RECENT WORKS : The productivity of pigeon pea has low over the last few decades ICRISAT and IIPR are working on number of innovative ideas such as Genome sequencing , development of CGMS hybrids with 30 to 40% yields advantage over traditional varieties , development of photo insensitive super early maturing lines , introgression of cleistogamous flower structure to maintain genetic purity of elite lines , use of obcordate leaf shape as NEP to assess genetic purity of hybrid parental lines and development of disease resistant hybrids and elite breeding lines.

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