6
word gubernare, which means to steer, as in steering a boat. Thus, a government’s
primary responsibility is to provide guidance to the executive institutions concern-
ing the policy directions in which they should aim their activities. Government is
not supposed to row, i.e. to become involved in implementing a policy.
In the municipal sphere, the council as legislative body also performs the execu-
tive function (Section 151(2), South African Constitution 1996 and Section 11 (1)
of the Local Government: Municipal Systems Act, 2000). Various possibilities exist
regarding the structures available to assist council in performing the executive func-
tion. In the South African local sphere, a committee, such as the executive mayor
and mayoral committee, has a different relationship with the council than the case
is with Cabinet in the national sphere regarding their relationships with their respec-
tive legislatures.
With this simplified definition of a very complex phenomenon in mind, it is obvi-
ous that politics is a characteristic of all national states. African countries are no
exception to this phenomenon. In the Commission for Africa’s Report (2005, 119),
Our Common Interest, it is stated that:
Every country has a mix of social and economic realities that differ from other countries
and differ, often massively even within one state according to divisions of ethnicity, reli-
gion, gender, generation, geography and so on. Such diversity can be seen in everything
from attitudes to standards of living, provision of infrastructure, access to health and educa-
tion, economic opportunity, models of governance and political history.
The National Planning Commission (NPC) of South Africa identified the following
challenges facing a capable state (2011: 408–09):
unevenness in capacity that leads to uneven performance in local, provincial and national
government. This is caused by a complex set of factors, including tensions in the political-
administrative interface, instability of the administrative leadership, skills deficits, the ero-
sion of accountability and authority, poor organisational design and low staff morale. This
vision requires a capable and developmental state: capable in that it has the capacity to
formulate and implement policies that serve the national interest; developmental in that
those policies focus on overcoming the root causes of poverty and inequality, and building
the state’s capacity to fulfil this role.
From the view expressed by the NPC, it could be deduced that South Africa as an
epitome of African states is confronted with a complex political/administrative
dilemma. The state is required to be developmental, thus requiring a stable public
service, unambiguous policies and a supportive society adhering to legal prescripts.
Simultaneously, transformation also demands adaptability, implying policy and
procedural changes which could affect administrative consistency. Meeting the
demand for political certainty and accountable administration thus pose a challenge.
The complexity of governing a diverse population becomes obvious as South
Africa actually represents a microcosm of the composition of African states.
Madagascar, for example, has 18 ethnic groups, Kenya has 42 tribes and Democratic
Republic of Congo boasts 200 tribes speaking 215 indigenous languages.
Representatives in each of the legislative bodies in each of the three spheres of gov-
ernment in South Africa, as is the case in other African countries which imple-
mented systems of local government, have to be able to judge, the often divergent, C. Thornhill