REMOTE SENSING BASIC .......................................

Remote Sensing

1. Application of Remote Sensing & G.I.S. BAPPA SARKAR Assistant Professor, Dinhata College. Certificate course(RS &G.I.S) from NRSC, Hydrabad Short Term Course( R.S)- IIRS, Dehradun . Certificate course from IIRS(G.I.S), Dehradun .

2. Remote sensing system The gathering of information from an object or surface without direct contact.

3. Natural Remote Sensing Sensing / Perceiving Analysis Information / Knowledge Boy or Man ? Name the remote sensing organs in our body?

4. Artificial Remote Sensing Sensing / Perceiving Analysis Extracting Information / Knowledge Output Subject

5. History 1858 Balloonist G.Tournachon made photographs of Paris from his balloon. Systematic aerial photography developed for military and reconnaissance purposes beginning in World War I and reaching a climax during the Cold War . Artificial satellites in the latter half of the 20th century.

6. Milestones in the History of Remote Sensing

7. Components of RS Energy Source Radiation Atmosphere Target area Sensor Ground Acquisition centers/ Receivers Interpretation/ Analysis Output to Clients

8. Types of Remote Sensing Type of RS Depending upon energy source (EMR ) Depending upon Sensor Depending upon Platform Optical Microwave IR or Thermal X-Ray Active Passive Ground Base Air Borne

9. Active Passive

10. Platforms Platforms are the places where the sensors are placed. Depending upon the working environment they are classified as follow:

11. Early Remote Sensing Platforms (Air Born).

12. Type of Space Borne Platform Geo Stationary Platform Faces towards particular portion of earth 3600 km altitude West to East rotation Equatorial Orbit Angular Coverage 120° Orbital period 24 Hr. Ex: INSAT, GSAT, etc … Sun Synchronous Platform Crosses particular place at same local time 600 - 900 km altitude North to South rotation Polar Orbit Inclination 80 °/100 ° to Equa . Orbital Period 100’ (Approx.) Ex: IRS, LandSat , Spot etc …

13. Remote Sensing Mediums Black and White or “ Panchromatic ” Sensitive to visible light True Color Similar to color film Infrared Sensitive to infrared frequencies that can ’ t be seen by humans Developed by military for identifying tanks painted with camouflage Good for evaluating conditions of vegetation Good for evaluating moisture in soil False-color adjusted When frequencies of received data are shifted to allow or enhanced human viewing Multi spectral When more than a single “ band ” of energy is captured Color is multi-spectral (3 bands) Some satellites can have 7 or even more “ bands ” of sensitivity

14. Digital Orthographic Photos Digital photos of the earth Usually acquired by aircraft Orthographic means that the photo has all distortion removed A regular photo from an airplane will have distortion due to: Parallax – effect that distance away from the center point of a photo will always have distortion Terrain – the hills and valleys or a land area will cause distortion in the photo An orthographic photo is adjusted by computer software to make the image line up with a flat map

15. Aircraft Images

16. Digital Orthographic Photo - Infrared - 1995

17. Electro Magnetic Radiation Sun is the main source of energy. Energy propagates in form of E lectro M agnetic R adiation (EMR). Wavelength ( λ ) Frequency ( ν ) Velocity (C) c = ν * λ

18. Electro Magnetic Spectrum Light energy is explained as EMR and can be classified according to the length of the wave. All possible energy channels called as E lectro M agnetic S pectrum (EMS). Human eyes can only measure visible light but sensors can measure other portions of EMS. Figure: Electro Magnetic Spectrum (EMS)

19. Optical Remote Sensing In  Optical Remote Sensing , optical sensors detect  solar radiation  reflected or scattered from the earth, forming images resembling photographs taken by a camera high up in space. The wavelength region usually extends from ( 300 nm to 3000 nm) the   visible and near infrared  (commonly abbreviated as VNIR ) to the  short-wave infrared  ( SWIR ). Different materials such as water, soil, vegetation, buildings and roads reflect visible and infrared light in different ways. They have different colours and brightness when seen under the sun. The   interpretation of optical images require the knowledge of the  spectral reflectance signatures  of the various materials (natural or man-made) covering the surface of the earth.

20. Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing There are also  infrared  sensors measuring the thermal infrared radiation emitted from the earth, from which the land or sea surface temperature can be derived. The   middle-wave infrared (MWIR)  and  long-wave infrared (LWIR)  are within the thermal infrared region. The wavelength range of 3000 nm to 5000 nm and 8000 nm to 14000 nm. These radiations are emitted from warm objects such as the Earth's surface. Thermal Infra RS used for measurements of the earth's land and sea surface temperature and forest fire.

21. Microwave Remote Sensing These satellites carry their own "flashlight" emitting microwaves to illuminate their targets and Analyzes the information collected by the sensor. The active sensors emit pulses of  microwave radiation  to illuminate the areas to be imaged. A microwave remote sensor records the backscattered microwaves from earth or sea surface . The Microwave wavelength range of 1 mm to 1 m of electromagnetic spectrum. So, have an additional advantage as they can penetrate clouds. Most of the microwave sensors are active sensors, having there own sources of energy. Thus, images can thus be acquired day and night.

22. What are the spatial units for which data are collected? Pixel or Picture Element Smallest unit of data collection Features smaller than the pixel size can ’ t be distinguished Pixel Sizes Landsat MSS = 79 meters Landsat TM = 30 meters SPOT = 10 meters IKONOS = 1 meter GeoEye-1 = 0.41 meters

23. Characteristics of Sensors Atmospheric Windows Spectral Resolution Spatial Resolution Radiometric Resolution Temporal Resolution

24. Atmospheric Windows The spectral Bands for which the atmosphere is transparent are called as the Atmospheric windows.

25. Spectral Resolution The ability of a sensor to discriminate b/w different wavelengths in the detected signals. RS sensors can have spectral resolution from more than 1µm to 1 nm . Low Resolution Medium Resolution High Resolution Panchromatic Multi-Spectral (MS) Hyper-Spectral (HS) Single Band >1, <20 bands >= 20 bands Carto Sat P5 LISS-III, LandSat AVIRIS, Hyperion

26. High Resolutions Low Resolution Multi Spectral Hyper Spectral: Resolutions

27. Spectral Resolution Single Band: PAN 500 - 750 nm CartoSat 1: Band F image showing Katraj , Pune Panchromatic Multi-Spectral Hyperion: Image showing Katraj , Pune Four Band: 0.52-0.59 (green) 0.62-0.68 (red) 0.77-0.86 (near IR) 1.55-1.70 (mid-IR)

28. Spatial Resolution A measure of the smallest distance between two objects that can be distinguished by a sensor. Source: Rees, 1999 Orbview : BVU (1 metre ) LISS III: BVU (23.5 metre ) Image Credit: USGS Image Credit: NRSC

29. 0.6 m S patial Resolution Hyper spectral Space Image

30. Spatial Resolution of Satellites Satellites Sensors Optical Radar Spatial resolution LOW MEDIUM HIGH VERY HIGH >2KM 2KM-100M 100M -10M <10M   CORONA   X         X   COSMOS  TK-350 X       X    KVR-1000 X X   ENVISAT  AATSR X     X      ASAR   X   X X  MERIS X   X X     ERS  AMI-SAR   X     X    ATSR X X  GOME X X   GEOEYE  GEOEYE-1 X         X   IKONOS  OSA X         X   IRSP6/RESOURCESAT  LISS-III X       X    LISS-IV X   X  AWIFS X X  

31. Spatial Resolution of Satellites Satellites Sensors Optical Radar Spatial resolution LOW MEDIUM HIGH VERY HIGH >2KM 2KM-100M 100M -10M <10M LANDSAT  MSS X     X      TM X X X  ETM+ X   X METEOR  M-N1   X X X  X  X   METEOSAT  MVIRI X   X        SEVIRI X X  GERB X X METOP   X   X       NOAA  AVHRR X     X     ORBVIEW2  SEAWIFS X     X     QUICKBIRD   X         X RADARSAT  SAR   X     X X RESURS  ESI X         X  MSU X X X SPOT  HRG X         X  HRS X     X  HRV X   X    HRVIR X X X    VGT X       SRTM     X     X   WORLDVIEW   X         X

32. Radiometric Resolution Radiometric resolution is a measure of sensor sensitivity to the magnitude of the EMR. Finer the radiometric resolution greater the ability to detect the small diff. in reflected/ emitted energy. Digital resolution is a synonym to Radiometric resolution. It is the number of bits comprising the each image. It is also referred as no. of brightness levels available to record the energy. Radiometric Resolution 1 bit = = 2 = {0, 1} 8 bit = = 256 = {0,1,……….,255} 10 bit = = 1024 = {0,1,……………………..,1023}  

33. Temporal Resolution Is the revisit time period of sensor to image the same area at the same viewing angle. Multi temporal Remote sensing Kedarnath Floods (June 2013) Pre Post Image Credit: NRSC

34. Satellites with their Sensor Characteristics

35. Spectral Reflectance Curve Is the plot between the Spectral reflectance (ratio of reflected energy to incident energy) and wave length. It depends upon the Chemical composition and Physical conditions. Typical Spectral reflectance curve for Vegetation, Water & Soil

36. How the Object is Identified by Sensor? The Basic principle of Remote Sensing is that e ach object reflect and emit energy of particular part of EMR in a unique way. Therefore, the signatures received from different objects is always different. This is called its Spectral signature. This is the key for interpretation in RS.

37. Which image will be suitable? Consideration factors are : Purpose – what You are interested in Scale - what will be the scale of out put These will decide Bands – which part of spectrum Spatial Resolution – Positional accuracy required or minimum size of a object to be identified Seasons of data acquisition For Large scale Urban mapping High resolution images are applicable. Example: IRS 1-D PAN 5.8m Cartosat 1 2.5 m Cartosat 2 1m Ikonos PAN 1m Quickbird 0.6m

38. REMOTE SENSING IN INDIA

39. NRSC is one of the centres of Indian Space Research Organization under the Department of Space, Govt. of India, engaged in operational remote sensing activities. NRSC has its own ground station at Shadnagar , 60 Km south of Hyderabad to acquire remote sensing satellite data from the Indian Remote Sensing satellites, the latest being Cartosat-1 (IRS-P5), and other foreign satellites like LandSat , NOAA, ERS, TERRA and AQUA..

40. Indian remote sensing satellites

41. Remote sensing application a software application that processes remote sensing data enable generating geographic information from satellite and airborne sensor data read specialized file formats that contain sensor image data, georeferencing information, and sensor metadata. Some of the more popular remote sensing file formats include: GeoTIFF, NITF, HDF, and NetCDF.

42. Examples Chips ERDAS IMAGINE ENVI Google Earth Eonfusion GRASS GIS OpenEV Opticks RemoteView SeaDAS - NASA's free application for Ocean Color imagery, including SeaWiFS and MODIS imagery SOCET GXP NEST ESA's SAR Toolbox

43. Introducing GIS and Remote Sensing Introduction to Mapping and GIS

44. Rowan University Think about all the activity occurring though out a landscape. How can we map, manage and analyze all that is going on? GIS!

45. What is GIS? Data Management Manages various kinds of GIS data including vector, raster, images, tables, other data files Data models and architectures Conversion between formats Import/export utilities Interacts with RDBMS (SQL Server, Oracle, etc…)

46. What is GIS? Analysis Spatially aware data Attribute and spatial query Proximity and Overlay Advanced geoprocessing techniques Decision support Flexible, customization Programming, scripting (to perform analysis)

47. What is GIS? Visualization Maps! Maps! Maps! If a picture is worth a 1000 words… Professional cartographic tool Charts, graphs, tables, etc… Various coordinate systems 2D and 3D Web, desktop, handheld, etc…

48. What is GIS? Data Management – Database View Analysis – Model View Visualization – Map View

49. The “ G ” “ G ” = Geographic Denotes the concept of spatial location on Earth ’ s surface Importance of relative location (not just where you are but where you are in relation to everything else) Theories and techniques in Geography form the basis of GIS

50. The “ I ” “ I ” = Information Substance (knowledge) about location Factual and interpretative Tables + Maps + Analysis Transformation of table information into spatial context for analysis Technology and computer systems

51. What About the “ S ” in GIS? Systems Science Studies Services

52. Not Just Computer Cartography

53. Core of GIS = “ Layers ”

54. Importance of Layers in GIS Geographic data = Representation of reality Reality is complex. GIS utilizes a layer approach Each layer only includes information about one type of phenomenon. Data layers must be aligned with one another

55. Families of GIS Data Vector mode or coordinate based Three vector objects exist—points, lines, polygons; these are called “ features. ” They are represented by X,Y coordinates sometimes Z (3D), sometimes M (linear reference) Information about features is (are) called “ attributes. ” Two types of vector models—topological and object Topological means the data models stores relationships between vectors Vector objects exist independent of any other nearby features

56. Importance of Layers in GIS Geographic data = Representation of reality Reality is complex. GIS utilizes a layer approach Each layer only includes information about one type of phenomenon. Data layers must be aligned with one another

57. Families of GIS Data Raster mode or grid cell Entire study area is covered by a grid Each cell within grid is given a value Values can be integer or decimal Data can be discrete or continuous Cell size is variable and linked to the file size of the raster data Areas outside of the grid are ignored Grid must be expanded if those areas are to be included

58. Modeling Geospatial Reality Real World Vector Model Raster Model

59. Coding Vector GIS Reality Vector Mode Model of Reality

60. Coding Vector GIS Polygon I Polygon II Polygon III Polygon V Polygon IV node A node B node C node E node F node G node D Reality Vector Mode Model of Reality

61. Coding Raster GIS Data Reality Raster Mode Model of Reality

62. Coding Raster GIS Data 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 6 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 Reality Raster Mode Model of Reality

63. Advantages of Vector Vector data make maps that look more like maps we are use to seeing on paper. The shapes of features are accurately represented. Vector data can have topology Vector data is good for managing attributes Vector data has smaller storage requirement Only the objects need to be represented in the database (empty space in-between is not captured)

64. Disadvantages of Vector Complicated data structure Software must manage many data tables Not good at representing geographic features that gradually change over location For example elevation or moisture in soil Slower processing time

65. Advantages of Raster Good at depicting continuously changing surfaces such as elevation or soil moisture Grid format is simple data structure Easier for computer to make analytical calculations Ideal for utilizing remote sensing images

66. Disadvantages of Raster Maps can be blocky looking (depending on the size of the grid cells) Cells can only be coded for one attribute when there may be more than one attribute at each location Can have very large datasets (depending on the size of the grid cell) Not topological: adjacency data structure

67. 75 Application of GIS Urban Planning 3D Modelling Environmental Analysis Hydrocarbon Exploration Asset and Security Management . . . . . . . . the application of GIS is limited only by the imagination of those who use it. – Jack Dangermond

68. 76 Aspects and Impacts of Urban Planning The Physical aspects (Spatial) –includes environmental – vegetation, land ownership, mosques/churches, recreation, public transport, boundary/county lines, surface water; physical infrastructure – roads, pipelines, hospitals, schools; and topographic data – elevation, scale ); Demographic (Attribute) The population and their characteristics such as include sex, race, age, income, disabilities, mobility (in terms of travel time to work or number of vehicles available), educational attainment, home ownership, employment status, and even location . Urban Planning

69. 77 Socio-Economic Data Services and Facilities data ( education, health, child care, emergency services, mosques/churches, recreation, public transport ); Land Use data ( current land use, open space, industrial locations, retail locations ); Population data ( demographic characteristics, population projections ); Land and Housing data (# of dwellings, age and type of dwellings, available allotments, broad area land, forecast allotment demand ).

70. Census:- Integration of GIS technology in Census Mapping   GIS introduced in Indian Census in 1992. Such software, as, ArcInfo , ArcView and ArcGIS have been extensively used. About 60 skilled professionals are engaged in GIS related work in 17 centers located in different parts of the country.

71. 81 Applications of Urban Planning Analysis of development trends; Population growth; Analysis and monitoring of land and housing markets; Development of regional strategic plans; Development of community plans; Analysis of school bus transport systems; Modelling of accessibility to public transport.

72. 3D MODELING FROM RIEGL LASER SCANNERS AND SOFTWARE Three software applied in the processing, analysis and presentation of the data include the RIEGL RiSCAN software which was used to bring in the point clouds and form the Mesh, the Polyworks 10.1 software which was used to smoothen the data and the 3D photorealistic model which was used to drape the images on the mesh to create the Digital Surface Model.

73. Though further analysis has not been applied to our results, it is clear however that terrestrial scanning combined with digital mapping allow rapid capture of large datasets and is very efficient to generate realistic, high resolution digital models of 3D geologic outcrops or models. The picking of geological surfaces such as bedding, faults and fractures in virtual reality permits the generation of entire 3-D geological models that are compared to those generated through the interpretation of 3-D seismic

74. APPLICATIONS : Topography and Geologic Mapping Educational Purposes Architectural As-Builts Historic preservation/Archive Structural Steel mapping/Catalog Fabrication and Construction inspection and engineering Manufacturing and reverse engineering Volume quantity Analysis Utility Planning and civil traffic in Archealogy , Civil Engineering, Education, Exploration

75. Environmental Analysis

76. This project brings to light a strong application of GIS in Environmental justice which tries to analyze the proximity of minority races and economically challenged as been susceptible to Toxic site location. I generated buffers around the toxic sites to select block groups that best define at risk and not-at-risk populations ( Mohai , 1995). Point distance was used to calculate the distance between each school and the toxic sites within 1 mile buffer. The toxic score divides by distance and a new table is made and summarized the Exposure Index. Ten top schools were identified and their demographic data analyzed with a graph image by Arcmap showing that as propagated in past reports there is a relationship between toxic sites and economically challenged/minority groups.

77. Image from www.usgs.org

78. 88 Geology Izvoru field is mainly underlaid by clastic reservoirs with stratigraphic traps, The field is a monocline structure that does not appear to have a time or depth closure. There were 34 wells drilled in the field, 16 were abandoned either during drilling or after testing, and 18 wells were productive. . Several wells on the southern flank (up dip side) of the field were non-productive, even though the log response is similar to successful wells in the field. The interpretation is that some of the wells were drilled (drilling problems or overbalanced) or tested improperly (bad casing and / or cement problems) and that there is some type of porosity limit to the south. Below the Sarmatian there are two additional targets: the Upper Cretaceous Senonian carbonates, and the Albian carbonates. The Senonian is directly beneath the Sarmatian and has a similar geometry. Based on third party engineering studies, the combined Sarmatian and Albian formations contained original resources in place of approximately 22 million barrels of oil (2.8 million tons). Completion difficulties and water production resulted in limited flow rates and recoveries leading to field abandonment in 1998.

79. Petroleum Development First country registered in world statistics with a commercial production of 275 metric tones of crude oil in 1857 (Ionescu, 1994). The first place Crude oil was exploited from wells dug manually drilled as early as the 17th and 18th centuries (Dinu et al, 1996). first well was drilled mechanically was done in Moldavia down to 150m depth in 1861, while in 1862, oil was discovered in Ploiesti district. The first gas field was discovered in 1909 at Sarmasel in the Transylvania Basin and the first European gas piping system was built in Transylvania in 1913. Since then, more than 23,600 geological wells have been drilled onshore and 50 offshore Romania and they have discovered 19.2 billion barrels of oil-in-place and 23.7 trillion ft3 of gas-in-place, and located 473 oil and 201 gas reservoirs. More than 400 of the wells are deeper than 3500m According to well classification used in Romania, ‘geological wells’ are understood to be wells which have contributed to the discovery and the delineation of oil and gas fields (Ionescu, 1994).

80. 90 Aerial photo interpretation with such image made smaller features like electrical poles difficult to identify, however, some major features of interest were covered. Commercial areas were identified from residential areas with paved floors and large parking lot and cars while forest areas differed from farmland due to uneven arrangements while rivers ere differentiated from canals based on paths and proximity to farmlands Roads, Homes, canals forests were digitized in ArcView. Well points were converting from lat/long to x,y coordinates. Surface well locations were picked over bottom well locations from SMT Kingdom, these were in X,Y coordinates and were input into Notepad and imported as a table into the file geodatabase. Tables and attributes follow.

81. Horizon Picking: Amplitude change applies in identifying changes in rocks and fluids and also commonly used as indicators through bright spots (associated with strong amplitude, dim spots and flat spots). The external geometry also reveals slope angles slightly above 10 degrees while the reflection characteristics are faster than most rocks.

82. GIS in Tourism :- Visualization of tourist sites through digital images or videos Valuable information on tourist locations Selective information like route planning, accommodation, cultural events, special attractions etc. Easily accessible information over the internet. Interactive maps that respond to user queries. They will find all information on click, measure distance, find hotels and restaurants and even navigate to their respective links.

83. THANK YOU