Renaissance Period

(c)

Renaissance means "rebirth" :))

1. 11
The Italian Renaissance
►Renaissance  rebirth
►Italian Renaissance  rebirth of ancient
Greek & Roman worlds
►Characteristics
Secular Urban society (City-states)
Age of Recovery
New view of human ability & worth

2. 22
Origins of the Renaissance
►European trade with Asia increased during
the 1300s.
►2. Italian merchants organized much of this
trade.
►3. Trade cities in Italy grew wealthy.
►4. They competed to create works that
would increase the prestige of their cities.
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3. 33
Origins of the Renaissance (cont)
►5. Florence became a center for banking,
art, culture, and literature.
►6. Cosimo de’ Medici wanted to make
Florence the most beautiful city.
►7. The Renaissance began in Italy and
spread throughout Europe.

4. 44
Important City-States of the
Renaissance
►Florenc
e
►Rome
►Venice
►Genoa
►Milan
Genoa Towers,Genoa Towers,
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5. 55
City State Populations

6. 66
Italian City States – Not yet the nation of ITALYItalian City States – Not yet the nation of ITALY
Italian Trade Routes – Notice the impact on ItalyItalian Trade Routes – Notice the impact on Italy
Each ItalianEach Italian
city-state hadcity-state had
its own wealthyits own wealthy
ruler.ruler.

7. 77
Florence
►Center of art, literature,
and culture.
►Florence became
wealthy from the
manufacturing of wool.
►Later Florence became
the banking center of
Italy.
►The Medici family were
the greatest bankers in
Florence.

8. 88
Florence
►The Renaissance
started in Florence
and spread
throughout Europe.
►Competition between
the Italian city-states
led to advances in
literature,
architecture, art,
music, science, and
education.

9. 99
Medici Family
►Ruled Florence, 13
th
 17
th
Centuries
►Aimed to make Florence the most beautiful
city in the world – Became Patrons of the
Arts. Commissioned artist (incl. da Vinci,
Raphael & Michelangelo)
►Lorenzo (The Magnificent) –
created peace among Italian
states, ended w/his death,
2 years later FR invades

10. 1010
Rome
►Home of the Catholic
Church
►Popes commissioned
famous artists and
architects to beautify
Rome. Michelangelo,
Raphael, and Botticelli
all produced major
works in Rome.

11. 1111
Rome►The popes employed the best artists and
architects of the Renaissance to build and decorate
the most opulent churches in in the world.
►Michelangelo designed the finest example of
Renaissance architecture in Rome, the Piazza del
Campidoglio (bottom left). He also designed the
dome of St. Peter’s Basilica (bottom right).

12. 1212
Venice
►Venice was the wealthiest city-
state of the Renaissance.
►It was a port city on the
Mediterranean.
►Venice maintained hundreds of
merchant ships and warships,
and thousands of sailors.

13. 1313
Genoa
►Genoa is located on the
Mediterranean.
►Genoa was one of two
main port cities in Italy
during the Renaissance.
►Genoa was one of the
wealthiest city-states of
the Renaissance.
►Dominated trade in the
Mediterranean
Genoa Genoa
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14. 1414
Milan
►Milan dominated the inland trade
routes because it was the
gateway to Italy from the north.
►Milan is the site of Santa Maria
delle Grazie, the cathedral
where Leonardo da Vinci
painted The Last Supper in the
dining hall.

15. 1515
Niccolo Machiavelli
►IT philosopher, diplomat, poet,
musician, playwright..
►Best known for The Prince – realist politics
Rulers should behave like a lion (aggressive
and powerful) and at other times like a fox
(cunning and practical)
“The Ends Justify the Means”
“It was better to be feared than to be loved”
All this done to keep peace and stabilize power
►1
st
to publicly suggest immoral behavior for govt
stability

16. 1616
Renaissance Society
►Strict Class society
Nobility – most powerful, but smallest group
►Strict rules and expectations
►Born not made or earned
Townspeople
►Wide range of wealth, from rich to poor
►Provide goods & services
Peasants – weakest, but largest group
►More freedoms as serfdom decreased
►Mainly lived in rural areas, so were least impacted by
Renaissance

17. 1717
The Intellectual and Artistic
Renaissance

18. 1818
Italian Renaissance Humanism
►Stressed that man was the center of the universe
and had dignity and value
►Humanism – intellectual movement based on the
classics
Study – grammar, rhetoric (debate), poetry,
philosophy & history (the Humanities)
►Ren Educations – based on humanism
Goal – create complete citizens
►Vernacular Literature – written in common lang
Dante, Chaucer, Pizan

19. 1919
Petrarch: “Father of Humanism”
►Petrarch was a scholar and
poet who was responsible for
the recovery of manuscripts
and works of Greek and
Roman writers.
►He traveled throughout Europe
recovering manuscripts of
Cicero and other Roman
authors that had been lost in
monastery libraries.
►Petrarch, like other writers of
the time, wrote in Latin.
Francesco Francesco
PetrarchPetrarch

20. 2020
Dante Alighieri
►“Father of the Italian
Language”
►Wrote The Divine Comedy.
►The Divine Comedy is
considered one of the greatest
works of Italian and world
literature.
►Dante was first to write in the
vernacular, the language used
in everyday life. Until his time,
all European literature was
written in Latin.
Dante Dante
AlighAligh
ieriieri

21. 2121
Insert scanned table

22. 2222
The Artistic Renaissance in
Italy
►Rome became the center of Renaissance art in the
1500s.
Pope Alexander VI: most notorious of the
Renaissances popes; spent huge sums on art
patronage.
►3 Masters of the High Renaissance
Leonardo da Vinci
Michelangelo
Raphael
►Sculpture & Architecture are include in Renaissance
Art, both drew from Greek & Roman influenences

23. 2323
New Artistic Techniques
►Fresco –
watercolor on
fresh plaster
►Law of
Perspective
►Study of human
anatomy
►GOAL – imitate
nature
From Michelangelo’s Sketch BookFrom Michelangelo’s Sketch Book

24. 2424
Leonardo da Vinci
►Master of realism &
perspective
►Studied human
anatomy (cadavers)
to be as accurate as
possible
►Sculptor, painter,
astronomer,
inventor – a true
“Renaissance Man”

25. 2525
Leonardo da Vinci
The Last SupperThe Last Supper
A page from one of da Vinci’s A page from one of da Vinci’s
notebooks, he “coded” notebooks, he “coded”
his work by writing his work by writing
backwards. He could backwards. He could
read it, but most other read it, but most other
people would need a people would need a
mirror to read it.mirror to read it.

26. 2626
Raphael Santi
►1 of the top Renaissance painters
►Especially known for his “Madonna's” –
paintings of Mary the mother of Jesus
►A major artist in the Vatican
Madonna Madonna
of of
the the
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27. 2727
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28. 2828
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29. 2929
Michelangelo Buonarroti
►Painter, sculptor and architect
►Most famous for work in Vatican City
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30. 3030
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31. 3131
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32. 3232
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33. 3333
Northern Italian Renaissance
►Centered in Low Countries – Belg, Lux,
Neth
►Due to weather- few frescoes
Stained glass, wooden panels, canvas
►Jan van Eyck – Flemish, perfected use of oil
paints
Oils allow greater variety of color
& detail

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34. 3434
Albrecht Durer
►German
►1 of greatest Northern
Renaissance artists
►Revolutionized
woodcuts
►Studied in Italy on
several different
occasions

35. 3535

36. 3636
Architecture
►Architectural design returns
to the classical styles of
Rome and Greece.
►Public buildings, homes and
villas are designed using
Greek and Roman
architectural styles.
►Renaissance buildings
feature columns, domes, and
vaulted ceilings.
►Brunelleschi designs the first
domed building.
►Perspective becomes
important in architecture.

37. 3737
Brunelleschi
The Basilica The Basilica
didi
Santa Maria Santa Maria
del del
FiorFior
e,e,
Florence, alsoFlorence, also
called the called the
DuoDuo
mo.mo.

38. 3838
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39. 3939
The Printing Press
►Johannes Gutenberg was a
German goldsmith and printer.
►Gutenberg was the first to
develop movable type. This
allowed for mass production of
books.
►Gutenberg’s invention
revolutionized book-making in
Europe.
►Gutenberg was the key figure
in spreading the Renaissance.
►His invention of movable type
is still considered the most
important invention in history.

40. 4040
IMPACT
►Much easier to
publish books
►Increased literacy
►1450-1500, 20 million
books printed
covering 35,000
topics
►Vernacular Literature
– written in common
language
Dante, Chaucer,
Shakespeare

41. 4141
Writers of the Renaissance
►With the printing press. books become more
affordable and more people (mostly wealthy)
learn to read
►Dante, Petrarch and Machiavelli were all
important writers of the time
►But there were more…

42. 4242
Miguel de Cervantes
►Cervantes was a Spanish novelist,
poet, painter, and playwright. He
was born in La Mancha, Spain.
►Cervantes wrote the novel Don Quixote, the most
influential work of literature to come out of the
Spanish Golden Age.
►Cervantes was a man of adventure. It was said
that he left Castile because of a duel.
►Cervantes got the idea for Don Quixote while
serving one of two prison terms for irregularities in
his bookkeeping as a tax collector and purchasing
agent.

43. 4343
New Words Abound…
AlligatorLaughingstock Worthless
CriticalLonely Zany
EquivocalLuggage
EyeballManager
EyesorePuke
Gloomy Torture
But where did they come from?But where did they come from?

44. 4444
William Shakespeare
►Shakespeare is considered the
greatest writer and dramatist of
all time.
►Shakespeare wrote Romeo and
Juliet, Merchant of Venice, Julius
Caesar, A Midsummer’s Night
Dream, Henry IV, Henry V, Much
Ado About Nothing, Twelfth
Night, Hamlet and more.
►Shakespeare wrote 38 plays, 154
sonnets, two narrative poems,
and other poems.
““All the world’s a stage, All the world’s a stage,
and all the men and all the men
and women and women
merely players merely players
there, they have there, they have
their exits and their exits and
their entrances, their entrances,
and one man in and one man in
his time plays his time plays
many parts….”many parts….”
William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare

45. 4545
Shakespeare
►William Shakespeare (1564-1616)– Elizabethan
era
 Greatest of English Renaissance authors
His work reflected the Renaissance ideas of
classical Greek and Roman culture, individualism
and humanism
Wrote comedies, tragedies, histories and sonnets
Known for the “timelessness” of his work
Close to 300 movies and TV adaptations have been
made of Shakespeare’s work (e.g. Ten Things I
Hate About You, a rendition of The Taming of the
Shrew)

46. 4646
Contributions of the Renaissance
►Invention of the Gutenberg Press
►The banking industry
►Exploration, colonization of world
►Expansion of trade
►Humanism, individual is the center of the universe
►Reintroduction of Greek and Roman knowledge
and philosophy
►Gateway to modern art forms
►Expansion of Greek and Roman architecture and
sculpture
►Increased scientific knowledge, and desire to
know more

47. 4747
The Italian Wars (1494-1559)
►Powerful IT monarchs & foreign countries (SP, FR,
HRE, Ott Emp…) vied for control
►Charles I (SP) allowed sack of Rome (May 5, 1527)
Pope Clement forced to flee
Aftermath:
►End of Roman Renaissance
►Damaged Papal prestige
►SP dominant power in IT
►Charles V given freedom to act
on Reformation in Germany
FYI – In commemoration, all new Swiss Guard
members are sworn in on May 6 of each year.

48. 4848
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
►Religious reforms dividing western
Christianity
►Roman Catholic Church criticized for abuse of
power and corruption
►Christian Humanists–wanted to reform
Church
Believed through reason, and studying the
classics one could become more pious(Christ-
like)
Desiderius Erasmus–father of Christian
Humanism
►Suggested reforming from within the Church

49. 4949
Desiderius Erasmus
►Erasmus was a Dutch scholar,
humanist, and theologian.
►Erasmus was ordained a Catholic
priest, but never practiced priestly
duties.
►Instead, he studied theology and
classical Greek at the universities
of Paris and Cambridge.
►Erasmus was critical of some of
the practices and doctrines of the
Catholic Church.
►Erasmus sought to reform the
Catholic Church.
DesideriusDesiderius
ErasmusErasmus

50. 5050
Calls to Reform the Church
►In Praise of Folly - by Erasmus
Best-seller (only the Bible sold more by 1550)
Erasmus was a devout Catholic who sought to
reform the Church, not destroy it
Criticized immorality and hypocrisy of Church
leaders and the clergy
The book inspired renewed calls for reform, and
influenced Martin Luther

51. 5151
Why reform?
►Popes corrupted by power & lose focus of
spiritual leadership
►Scientific advances contradicted the Church
►People wanted to know how to save souls
►Indulgences –a release of a
soul from purgatory for
monetary donation –
a HUGE abuse of
Church power!

52. 5252
What was the Protestant
Reformation?
►Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman
Catholic
►The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the
Catholic Church
►People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the
corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church
►In the end the reformers, like Luther, established their
own religions
►The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the
formation of these new Protestant religions

53. 5353
Scan graphic?

54. 5454
MARTIN LUTHER
►German Priest
►Saw problems in the Church
►Church believed salvation gained
from faith + good work
Luther thought faith alone gained salvation
►Oct 31, 1517 – Posted 95 Theses on church door
in Wittenburg, Ger
His criticisms of Church
1000s of copies distributed through
Germany

55. 5555
The Reformation Begins
►By 1521 Luther moving toward spilt from Church
►Wanted Ger princes to overthrow Papal power in
Germany & est a German Church
►By Jan 1521 – Luther excommunicated
Summoned by Imperial Diet of HRE to Worms
Called by Emperor Charles V,
wanted Luther to change his
ideas, Luther – “NO”
Edict of Worms issued, making
Luther an outlaw
Luther kept in hiding by
his prince

56. 5656
Lutheranism
►Followers of Luther’s religious practices
►Gained support of many German princes
►1524, German peasants revolted & hoped
Luther would support them, because Luther
needed the princes’ support, he did not help
the peasants
►Germany in turmoil – Catholic? Lutheran?
To achieve peace Emperor Charles V accepted
the Peace of Augsburg (allowed Ger princes to
choose the faith of their region)

57. 5757
Protestantism Spreads - Zwingli
►Ulrich Zwingli – priest in Zurich, Switzerland
►Zwinglian Reformation
Banned all religious relics & images
Whitewashed all church interiors
No music in church services
Does not merge w/Luther b/c
can’t agree with the meaning
of communion

58. 5858
Protestantism Spreads - Calvin
►John Calvin replaces Zwingli (killed in rel war)
►French, fled for safety to Switzerland
►1536 – began reforming Geneva, Switz.
Created a church govt of elect & laity
Used consistory (moral police)
►Sent missionaries thru Eur to convert Cath.
►Ideas spread  FR, Neth, Scot…
►Mid 16
th
C – Calvinism more pop than Lutheranism

59. 5959

60. 6060

61. 6161

62. 6262

63. 6363
Reformation in England
►Political, not religious motives for reform
►Henry VIII – King of England
Needs a male heir to carry on
the Tudor Dynasty
Married Catherine of Aragon
(Aunt of Charles V,HRE Emperor)
Have a daughter, Mary
No son, so Henry wants a divorce!
In the Catholic Church, you
need an annulment, granted by the
Church. The Pope grants it for a King.

64. 6464
Reformation in England (cont)
►The Pope refused to grant the annulment,
too political (King of Eng vs. HRE Emperor)
►After a long argument, Henry decided to
break from Catholic Church
►Archbishop of Canterbury granted divorce
►Act of Supremacy(1534) est Church of Eng
King control over doctrine, appointments, etc
Dissolves Cath claims, sells land & possessions
Remained close to Cath teachings

65. 6565
Henry & his wives
►Henry was
desperate for a son.
So much so he
married 6 times!!
►The saying goes…
Divorced, Beheaded,
Died
Divorced,
Beheaded, Survived
Horrible Histories

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The Church of England
►1547 – Henry died
His 9 year old son, Edward VI, took the throne
►The Church of England- aka Anglican Church
Became more Protestant
Angering Catholics
►1553 – Edward dies
His half-sister Mary (Catholic) takes throne
She wants to restore Catholicism
“Bloody Mary” has 300+ Prot burned as heretics
Increases tensions btw Cath & Prot

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The Catholic Reformation
►Protestantism spreading rapidly through Eur
►Church sees need to reform
Raises the standards of the clergy
Inspired the Church with a renewed zeal and
morale
Contributed significantly to producing the
Catholic Church as we know it today.
►Pillars of Catholic Reformation
1. Reform of Papacy
2. Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
3. Council of Trent

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The Papacy
►Corruption had to be
addressed
►Pope Paul II led papal
reform
Oversaw the creation of
the Jesuit order
Opened the Council of
Trent
Revived the Inquisition

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The Jesuits
►Most significant agency of
Catholic reform
►Founded by Ignatius of
Loyola
Spanish soldier
Injured in battle
►Had a conversion during
recovery, dedicated himself
to the Church

70. 7070
Role of Jesuits
►Missionaries
Convert former and non-
Catholics
►Urged the religious
education of children
►Devoted to religious and
secular education
Secondary schools
Colleges/Universities
Seminaries

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Council of Trent
►Met over 18 year period (1545-63)
►Reaffirmed Catholic teaching
Including 7 sacraments
Maintained salvation was gained through faith
and good works
►More strict rules for clergy
Incl more education for priests
►Each diocese established a seminary
►Banned indulgences!!

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The Inquisition
►Church’s way to
suppress heresy
►Infamous for its
cruelty
►Followed strictly in
Spain, Portugal and
Rome
►Some countries, like
France, refused