renaissance period [Compatibility Mode]_1458103721240.pdf

history in architecture

1. Renaissance Period
1

2. •The Renaissance, a time ofrenewal
of the human spirit,
a renewal of curiosity and creativity, started in Italy
.
•Over several centuries Italy had acquired considerable
wealth ($), which it had accumulated frombanking and
trade with the East. Many famous inventors, painters,
and writers flourished during this time period.
• People like: Michelangelo
, Christopher Columbus
,
Galileo
,and Da Vinci.
The Louvre – Museum in
Paris

3. •Renaissance is a collective term used to include al l the
intellectual changes that were in evidence at the c lose of
middle ages and at the beginning of the modern time .
•Renaissance included much that was not found in art and
literature.
•Man had began to change his attitude of looking tow ards
the world.
3

4. Medieval toRenaissance
RDuringthisperiodthemedievalcitiesdisintegratedintosmaller
partsandreducedthecontactbetweenonecountryandanother.
RThe no. of towns increased rapidly .
RThe towns had a few hundred to a maximum of 500,000
people.
RThe physical size of the towns were restricted by t he growth
of the fortification.
R
Very less facilities of transportation .
4
R
Very less facilities of transportation .
RTowns were built within the ready reach of one anot her -in a
day's walking distance. i.e. 20 -30 miles. Towns we re
congested .
RThere was no system of sewage disposal and the stre et were
used to dispose off the wastes.

5. Economy
•Mostlydependantonagriculture&trade.
•Nosignificantindustry exceptcrafts.
•Tradewasonmaincrossroadsoftown.
•Militaryaggressiondiminishedincreasingsafety&trade.
•Ownershipofthelandsshiftedtothemerchantsandthepower
ofthefeudallordsdiminished.
•The new economy was dominated by the possession & control
ofmoney.
Technology
5
Technology •Printing press was invented and ways were devised to improve the
simplehandmachines.
•gunpowderwasinventedin15
th
century,newtechniquesofwarfare
wereinvented.
•Oldfortificationswerefoundveryinadequate.
•New fortifications were extended over much larger area arou nd the
towns.
•Newsuburbsbetweennew &oldfortifications.
•Aspopulationincreased,wheeltrafficincreased–sothenarrowroads
becamecongested.
•Allthesefactsmakinglifemiserable.

6. Sociocultural
•Insecurityoflifeincreased forthepoordueto:
•1.contrastsbetweenthemerchants&poor.
•2.poorwaswagedlabour.
•socialstratificationbroadlytwo:
•1.Thenobles
•2.Thepoor,includingsoldiers,craftsmen&griculturallabourers.
•Religionagainbecameofprimeimportance.
•Church was controlling all the fields of knowledge which hel ped in
the
revival
of
classical
knowledge
.
6
the
revival
of
classical
knowledge
.
•Twotypesofmanifestations:
•Newtowns were found in which the central and the most
dominating buildings were those of the nobles. i.e. the
courtsof thekinds.
•Herereligionwassubservienttothe gloryofthenoble.
•Here the expressions was through monumental vistas , e.g. ro yal
gardens,palacesofnobles.
e.g. Versailles in France, Canberra in Australia and Washin gton D.C. in
U.S.A.majorpartsofLondoninU.K.wasdesignedbyChristopherWren.

7. •Intheoldmedievaltownsthatexisted,developmentwasdone
in the designing of the public congregation places like the
squares, piazzas (plazas) , in and around religious buildin gs
and developingwide avenues curving outofwide cramp areas
andlevelingspacesofolddefensewalls,
•e.g. ThepiazzaofSt.Marks,Venice.
•In this period, the design shifted fromthe enclosed
architectural
to
an
extension
and
expansion
of
open
spaces
.
7
architectural
to
an
extension
and
expansion
of
open
spaces
.
•Several existing squares were connected by tree lined
avenuesasinParis.
•Insomecasesnewplanweremadeandexecutedforsquares
inwhichopenspacewasalmostcompletelyreleased.

8. Humanism • Emphasized the abilities and accomplishments of human
beings.
• Humanists believed people were capable of great things and
placed a great value on education.
• As a result, artists, architects, leaders, writers , scientists and
other talented individuals were greatly admired.
•
Humanities included history, poetry, and grammar.
8
•
Humanities included history, poetry, and grammar.

9. Renaissance Art
• Oil-based paints were used
for the first time.
• Artists began to paint in
perspective (3D) and use
shading.
• Artists painted everyday life
instead of religious scenes.

10. ReanissanceinArt-
1) ThroughouttheMiddleAgesandwellintotheRenaissance,art
was dominated very largely by the Christian Church. Which was
tenderandhumane.
2) Organized theology had a devastating effect on art, which
becameprominent.
3) Theaimwasnottoexpressanideaortoportrayascenebutto
maketheworkappeartobesomethingsacredinitself.
4
)
The
tendency
of
churchmen
was
to
hide
the
breach
between
10
4
)
The
tendency
of
churchmen
was
to
hide
the
breach
between
artandlife.
5) Thisleadthearttobecomehard,conventionalandgrotesque.
6) InItaly,artisticrevivalbeganwithreactionagainstthedomination
oftheByzantinetradition.
7) TheartistsofRenaissancehadanopportunitytobeoriginal.
8) During the 15th cent. artists came to be supported not onlyby
churchmen but also by private collectors. Besides commissi oning
paintingsofthetraditionalsacredthemes,thesepatronscreateda
newdemandforpicturesofsecularsubjects.

11. 11

12. 12

13. Anatomical drawings by Leonardo Da
Vinci

14. Michelangelo’s work
Art Pencil Sketch
Pieta
Creation of Adam

15. 15

16. • Painting & sculpture were the most important aspects of
renaissance art.
•Painting bloomed mostly in Italy. Here it received its
original impetes & became most representative of the
renaissance .
•Michael Angelo, Leonardo da Vinchi were the dominant
16
figures among the renaissance painters .
•The subject of these painters were religious primarily the
church was at the highestposition .

17. There was decided trend towards classicism in Renai ssance
architecture.
2) Rome was the center for the early development of Renaissance
architecture.
3) Gothic style was discarded for arch, the domes and columns
characterizing the Greek and Roman models.
4) One of the most familiar example of Renaissance a rchitecture is
'St. Peters' church in Rome.
5)
Style of
architecture, reflecting the rebirth of Classical c ulture,
Renaissance in architecture.
17
5)
Style of
architecture, reflecting the rebirth of Classical c ulture,
that originated in Florence in the early 15th centu ry and spread
throughout Europe, replacing the medieval Gothic st yle. There was
a revival of ancient Roman forms, including the
column
and
round
arch
, the tunnel
vault
, and the
dome
. The basic design
element was the
order
.

18. 4) Developed first in
Florence
, with
Filippo Brunelleschi
as one of its
innovators, the Renaissance style quickly spread to other Italian
cities. The style was carried to France, Germany, E ngland, Russia
and other parts of Europe at different dates and wi th varying
degrees of impact.
5)
Renaissance
architects found a harmony between human
proportions and buildings.
6) The Renaissance was also a multi-media event: thu s, architecture
went hand in hand with
sculpture
as well as
mural painting
.
Renaissance in architecture.
18
went hand in hand with
sculpture
as well as
mural painting
.
Furthermore, some of the
best sculptors
(Michelangelo) and
Old
Masters
(Raphael) became excellent architects.

19. 'St. Peters' church in Rome
19

20. 20

21. Exploration

22. IndiaduringtheRenaissancePeriod:
•
The
Renaissance
Period
of
Europe
corresponds
with
the
Mughal
rule
22
•
The
Renaissance
Period
of
Europe
corresponds
with
the
Mughal
rule
inIndia.
•ItstartedwithBabardefeatingIbrahimLodiatPanipatin1526.
•The northern part of India was quickly conquered by the Mugah als
butastiffresistancewasofferedbytheMarathasinthe17thCent.A.D.
•The Mughal period was full of pomp and grandeur and it is marke d
with an architectural style of its own, which reached its pea k in the
regionofShahJahan.
•During the Mughal period, very less towns were planned and
constructed.

23. •Emperor Akbar made Fatehpur
Sikri which failed, as later on it was
observes that there was a keen
shortage of drinking water at that
place and politically the geographical
location of the town was not safe
enough.
•The city of Jaipur was built by
Maharaja
Jaysingh
in
1753
within
6
23
Maharaja
Jaysingh
in
1753
within
6
years after laying of its foundation
stone on a carefully prepared plan
with broad avenues and public
buildings.
•Sawai Ramsingh gave the city its
universal pink colour and be founded
all the institutions by which Jaipur
becamefamous.

24. •Jaipur originally had well laid roads
withgeometric precision and
architectural accuracywith
symmetrical open squares and
fountainslinedwithuniformbuildings.
•The original plan of Jaipur was made
by Jai Singh Maharaja himself assisted
by
Vidyadhar
Bhattacharyya
.
24
by
Vidyadhar
Bhattacharyya
.
•Another important happening of this
period was the coming of Europeans
particularlytheBritishersintoIndia.
•The British started with Bengal and
ultimately established their empire
afterwrestlingpowerfromthePeshwas
in the Deccan and the Mughal king in
Delhi.

25. •Due to Muslimaggression and oppressions the society turned
introvertandunprogressive.
•Where the Hindus turned to Bhakti cult in a bid to solve their
religion and moral values by turning themselves anti life, the
Muslims also, in their bid to keep their religious orthodoxy , cut
themselvesofftherestoftheworld.
•The muslims because of their Persian, ancestry, did not gave any
importance to the maritime activities that was prevalent inthe
earlier
Hindus
periods
.
Thus
the
seas
surroundings
the
sub
-
25
earlier
Hindus
periods
.
Thus
the
seas
surroundings
the
sub
-
continent on all the three sides were left neglected, which
consequentlybecamethekeyrouteoftheforeigntradesmentocome
andconquertheland.
•The western world on the other hand freed themselves fromhe
clothes of the clergy took full advantage of the technological
inventions and made progress in all spheres of life including
architectureandtownplanning.
•

26. •HencewhentheEuropeanscametoIndia,theyfoundthathere
lies a country rich in resources but not equipped enough to
utilize these resources for the economical prosperity of th e
countrywhichtheywentforutilizingtothefullestextent.
•After the decline of the Mughal sovereignty the country was
dividedintovarioussmallindependentstates,whichhadenmity
amongstthemselves thus makingitmore easyfor theforeigners
totakeholdofthepoliticalandeconomicalreignsofthecountry.
26

27. 27

28. Baroque: 17th Century
•Baroqueis a French word fromPortuguese origins that
means "irregularly shaped ... a centralaxesand several
secondaryaxeswith in filledfountains, pools, trellis,.
•The style emerges in Rome at the end of the 16th century.
•The Baroque combines monumental architecture,
illusionistic painting, and dynamic sculpture to inspire, awe,
and transport the viewer .
28
•Baroque architecture was also characterized by what is
now known as town planning:the arrangement of cities
according to predetermined schemes,
and the creation
of great parks and gardens around residences of
importance
.
•Baroque architecture and its embellishments were on the
one hand more accessible to the emotions and on the other
hand, a visible statement of the wealth and power of the
Church.

29. 29

30. 30

31. BaroqueCity
•The axial systemof Planning which was
introduced byLorenzo Berniniduring the
Renaissanceperiodwasdevelopedduringthistime.
•King Louis XIVordered to remove his palace
fromthe congested Paris to the open hunting
ground ofVersaillesand ordered to have the
avenuestoradiateoutfromthismagnificentpalace.
•AfterNapoleonIIIrosetopowerin1853,thecities
were
congested
with
slums
and
the
condition
of
31
were
congested
with
slums
and
the
condition
of
Pariswasdeteriorating.
•Mechanical traffic was to be introduced on the
roads and it was an urgent necessity to check the
haphazardgrowthofParis.
•GeorgeEugeneHaussmanncameupwiththenovel
plan of havingstraight avenuesjoining the
important places;boulevardswere made and
some formof building by laws like height
restrictionswereintroduced.

32. BaroqueCity
•ThemainfeaturesofthisBaroqueCitywere:
•a) Avenues b) Fountains c)Axis d) Geometry
Example : The SHONE BRUNN Palace at Germanywhere the
sides of the trees were also Chopped off along the road to
achieve the 'axis' of the design.
•Thus we see that in the Medieval Period, the main e mphasis
were given to, the 'Mass' of' the buildings,
•in the Renaissance period the importance was given lo the
'Space‘ and
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'Space‘ and •in the Baroque period, the importance was laid upon both.
'Mass' and 'Space'.

33. Characteristic Elementsof Baroque Urban structure
1.Focal Points
- Symbolic squares and their monuments become an
imperative baroque activity .
- Squares have long tradition as the real core of the city, whi le
their functions were usually public and civic, the baroque m ade
squares become part of the general 'ideological system' of t he
city:
e
.
g
.
'Palaces
Royales'
of
France
with
their
central
statues
of
33
e
.
g
.
'Palaces
Royales'
of
France
with
their
central
statues
of
rulers.
Palazzo del Quirinale and Piazza Montecavallo, Rome

34. 3 Uniform urban districts
-
Buildings
are
no
longer
individual
:
they
lose
2. Avenue, path or directional street
-The urban foci are interconnected by straight, regu lar
streets which provide important movement networks as
well as perspective vistas.
e.g. Ave.XX Settembre (Via Pia), focussing on Piazz a
Montecavallo (Quirinale), Rome.
- In particular, the expanding sectors of fan-like d esign of
avenues radiating from a focal point..
34
-
Buildings
are
no
longer
individual
:
they
lose
their plastic individuality and become part of a
superior systemor idea.
- They have to submit to a programe which
establishes the general character of the design
of an entire street or district.
E.G. Rue Castiglione Toward Place Vendome,
Paris
- 17th and 18th C. Saw emergence of long and
ordered facades(facades ordonnances)