renewable energy and power plant plus1.pptx

its about power plants

1. Power Plants Dr Gordhan Das Valasai 01

2. Power Plants Contact Hours Hours Credit Hours Theory 48 Theory 3.0 Teaching Methodology Assessment 1. Lecturing 2. Written Assignments 3. Field Visits 4. Report Writing Mid Exam Final Exam Quizzes Assignments Presentation

3. Power Plants Objectives: To provide knowledge to the students about energy processes involved in transformation and analysis of power plants. To provide knowledge to the students about the efficiencies and environmental aspects of various processes in different power plants. To provide the knowledge to the students about the steps of the complete energy production .

4. Power Plants Course Outcome: Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to: S. No. CLO Domain Taxonomy Level PLO 1. Review different energy resources, environmental impacts of power generation and flue gas cleaning techniques Cognitive 2 7 2. Analyze strengths and weaknesses of different types of power plants by performing its thermodynamic calculations Cognitive 4 2 3. Illustrate the construction and operation of different components of a power plant. Cognitive 4 2 4. Design of the major components or systems of a conventional or alternative energy power plant. Cognitive 5 3

5. Course Contents Chapter Contents Introduction Review of mass and energy balances for steady flow devices, energy sources and classification; Fossil fuels; composition, ranking and analysis; combustion calculations; environmental pollution Steam Generators and Turbines Combustion equipment and firing methods, boiler types and their applications; boiler components, boiler operation and safety, water treatment. Impulse and reaction turbines; Pressure and Velocity Compounding, Turbine governing and controls Steam Powerplants Rankine Cycle, Superheat, Reheat; Regenerative Cycle, Open Type Feed Water Heaters (FWH), Closed Type FWHs with Drains Cascaded Backwards and Pumped Forward Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas turbine (Brayton) cycle, regeneration, intercooling Chapter Contents Combined Cycle Powerplants Topping and bottoming cycles, combined cycle efficiency Cogeneration Cogeneration of power and process heat, Back Pressure and Extraction Turbines Diesel Engine Powerplant General layout, Site selection criterion, performance characteristics & environmental impact consideration Nuclear Power Plant Nuclear fuels, nuclear reaction types, Components, reactor types, site selection criterion, safety and environmental consideration Renewable Energy Powerplants Introduction to Solar, Wind, Hydro and Geothermal Powerplants Powerplant Economics and Management Effect of variable load, load curve, economics of thermal power plants, energy conservation and management

6. Text and Reference books: El-Wakil, M.M., Power Plant Technology, McGraw-Hill I. Dincer , C. Zamfirescu , Advanced Power generation systems, Elseveir Larry Drbal , Pat Boston, “Powerplant Engineering”, CBS Publishers Black, Veatch, “Power Plant Engineering”, Springer. P.K. Nag, “Power Plant Engineering”, McGraw-Hill. Everett Woodruff, Herbert Lammers, Thomas Lammers, “Steam Plant Operation”, McGraw-Hill. Thomas Elliott, Kao Chen, Robert Swanekamp , Handbook of Powerplant Engineering”, McGraw-Hill. Pedersen, E.S., Nuclear Power, Ann Arbor Science

7. The name thermodynamics is derived from the Greek words therme (heat) and dynamis (power), which is most descriptive of the early efforts to convert heat into power. Today the same name is broadly interpreted to include all aspects of energy and energy transformations, including power generation, refrigeration, and relationships among the properties of matter. Thermodynamics

8. One of the most fundamental laws of nature is the conservation of energy principle. It simply states that during an interaction, energy can change from one form to another but the total amount of energy remains constant. That is, energy cannot be created or destroyed. Thermodynamics

9. Heat flows from higher temperature to lower temperature. Thermodynamics

10. A system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study. The mass or region outside the system is called the surroundings . The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surroundings is called the boundary. The boundary of a system can be fixed or movable. The boundary is the contact surface shared by both the system and the surroundings. Thermodynamics

11. Systems may be considered to be closed or open, depending on whether a fixed mass or a fixed volume in space is chosen for study. A closed system (also known as a control mass) consists of a fixed amount of mass, and no mass can cross its boundary. That is, no mass can enter or leave a closed system. Thermodynamics

12. An open system is one in which matter flows into or out of the system. Most of the engineering systems are open. An open system , or a control volume, as it is often called, is a properly selected region in space. It usually encloses a device that involves mass flow such as a compressor, turbine, or nozzle. Flow through these devices is best studied by selecting the region within the device as the control volume. Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a control volume. Thermodynamics

13. Properties: Any characteristic of a system is called a property. Some familiar properties are pressure P, temperature T, volume V, and mass m. Properties are considered to be either intensive or extensive. Intensive properties are those that are independent of the mass of a system, such as temperature, pressure, and density. Extensive properties are those whose values depend on the size—or extent—of the system. Thermodynamics

14. Consider a system not undergoing any change. At this point, all the properties can be measured or calculated throughout the entire system, which gives us a set of properties that completely describes the condition, or the state, of the system. A system in equilibrium experiences no changes when it is isolated from its surroundings. A system is in thermal equilibrium if the temperature is the same throughout the entire system. Mechanical equilibrium is related to pressure, and a system is in mechanical equilibrium if there is no change in pressure at any point of the system with time. State & Equilibrium

15. Any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another is called a process, and the series of states through which a system passes during a process is called the path of the process Processes & Cycles

16. When a process proceeds in such a manner that the system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all times, it is called a quasi-static, or quasi-equilibrium, process. Opposite to above process is called as nonquasi -equilibrium. Processes & Cycles

17. The prefix iso - is often used to designate a process for which a particular property remains constant. An isothermal process, for example, is a process during which the temperature T remains constant; an isobaric process is a process during which the pressure P remains constant; and an isochoric (or isometric) process is a process during which the specific volume v remains constant. Processes

18. Any process or series of processes whose end states are identical is termed a cycle. The processes through which the system has passed can be shown on a state diagram, but a complete section of the path requires in addition a statement of the heat and work crossing the boundary of the system. A cycle in which a system commencing at condition ‘1’ changes in pressure and volume through a path 123 and returns to its initial condition ‘1’. Cycle

19. If A is in thermal equilibrium with B and if B is in thermal equilibrium with C, then A is in thermal equilibrium with C . If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. Zero’th Law of Thermodynamics

20. When a system undergoes a thermodynamic cycle then the net heat supplied to the system from the surroundings is equal to net work done by the system on its surroundings. Heat and work are mutually convertible but since energy can neither be created nor destroyed, the total energy associated with an energy conversion remains constant. Energy Balance: The net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy of the system during a process is equal to the difference between the total energy entering and the total energy leaving the system during that process. First Law of Thermodynamics +  

21. Heat can never pass from a colder to a warmer body without some other change, connected therewith, occurring at the same time or heat can not be completely and continuously converted to work. Aspects of second law of thermodynamics: Second Law of Thermodynamics

22. “After your hands become coated with grease, your nose will begin to itch.” Law of Mechanical Repair

23. The ideal gas law, also called the general gas equation, is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas. It is a good approximation of the behavior of many gases under many conditions, although it has several limitations. Ideal gas molecules do not attract or repel each other.  Ideal gas molecules themselves take up no volume.   Where  P  is the pressure of the gas,  V  is the volume taken up by the gas,  T  is the temperature of the gas,  R  is the gas constant, and  n  is the number of moles of the gas. Ideal Gas  

24. The specific heat capacity of a solid or liquid is usually defined as; the heat required to raise unit mass through one degree temperature rise. Where m is the mass, is the increase in temperature, and c is the specific heat capacity. For a gas there are an infinite number of ways in which heat may be added between two temperatures, and hence a gas could have an infinite number of specific heat capacities. However, only two specific heat capacities for gases are defined; the specific heat capacity at constant volume and the specific heat capacity at constant pressure. We can write above equation   Specific Heat  

25. For a perfect gas, the values of Cp and Cv are constant for any one gas at all pressures and temperatures. Hence integrating above equations, we have for a reversible constant process For real gases, Cp and Cv vary with temperature, but for most practical purposes a suitable average value may be used. Specific Heat     -