Report on doors

DOOR, INTRODUCTION , DESIGN PARTS AND EXPLAIN ABOUT DIFFERENT TYPES OF DOORS

1. REPORT ON DOORS

2. TOPICS DEFINATION OF DOORS FUNCTION AND LOCATION SIZE AND DESIGN OF DOORS PARTS OF DOORS TYPES OF DOORS

3. DEFINATION A door is an opening or closing structure used to block off an entrance, typically consisting of an interior side that faces inside of a space and an exterior side that faces outside of that space. While in some cases interior side of a door may match its exterior side, in other cases there are sharp contrast between two sides, such as in case of the vehicle door. In addition , doors typically consist of a panel that swings on hinges or that slides or spins inside of a space In short, door is a movable barrier secured in a wall.

4. FUNCTION OF A DOOR They admit ventilation and light. Control the physical atmosphere with in a space by enclosing it, excluding air crafts, so that interior may be more effectively heated or cooled. Act as a barrier to noise. Used to screen areas of a building for aesthetic purposes keeping formal and utility areas separable

5. LOCATION OF DOOR IN A BUILDING The number should be kept as minimum. It should meet functional requirment . It should preferably be located at the corner of room nearly 20cm from the corner. If in a room more than two doors are there , they shall be located facing each other.

6. COMPONENTS OF DOOR Door frame Door shutter Door frame is made up of two vertical members known as jambs and post and a flat member connecting the jambs at top called head. The cross sectional dimensions of the jambs and head are normally kept same. Materials ,used for door frames are: Timber, steel, aluminum, concrete, stone

7. TIMBER DOOR FRAME[General signification] Timber is sawn in direction of grains. All members of frames are of same species of timber and be straight without any wrap. Frames are smooth ,well planed surfaces except surface touching wall lintel sill etc. The thickness of rebate is 15mm and width is equal to the thickness of shutter. Normal size for door frame of single shutter is 75*100 and for double shutter 75*125mm. The back portion of door which in contact with wall lintels, sill etc. is painted with bitumen or any anti termite chemical. To protect door frame during construction priming coat is done before fixing. A minimum of 3 holdfast should be fixed on each side , one at the center and other two at 300mm from the top and the bottom of the shutter. Holdfast and other parts which go into masonry wall and not accessible for maintenance , shall be protected against moisture & decay with a coating of coaltar or other suitable protective material.

8. STEEL DOOR FRAME Steel door frame can be made out of angle tee, channel or pressed steel plates. In this frame also there are two jambs post and a jamb. At the joints members are either welded are rigidly fixed together by mechanical means. Sometimes a horizontal member [angle iron] is also provided to fix the jambs at base at floor level. This member is known as threshold. In case of steel frames the hold fast or lugs and hinges are invariably welded to the frame.

9. SIZES AND DESIGNATION The common width- height relationship used. Width: 0.4- 0.6 height Height: [ width + 1.2 height] m General sizes for residential: External door- 1.0*2.0m to 1.1*2.0m Internal door- 0.9*2.0m to1.0*2.0m Bath & WC – 0..7*2.0m to 0.8*2.0m Garage for cars- 2.25*2.25m to 2.40*2.25m General size for public 1.2*2.0m or 1.2*2.1m or 1.2*2.25m The size of an opening is indicating of modules where each module is of100mm 10 DS 20 OR 10 DT 20 Size of opening – 1000*2000m D- Door opening S-Single shutter T-Double shutter

10. TYPES OF DOORS Hinged doors Batten types doors Framed and paneled doors Glazed or sash door Flushed doors Louvered doors Wire- gauge Revolving door Sliding doors Swing doors Collapsible door Rolling shutter M.S. sheet doors Fire check doors

11. HINGED DOOR Most doors are hinged along one side to allow door to pivot away from the doorway in one direction but not in other. The axis of rotation is usually vertical. These doors require minimum maintenance and cleaning, are not expensive and have excellent insulating ability, however, take up precious room space to swing.

12. BATTENED AND LEDGED DOOR The door consist of vertical boards i.e. battens and 3 or 4 horizontal ledges. The vertical boards are tongue and grooved and fixed together with horizontal batten known as ledges. BATTEN: 100-150mm wide and 20-30mm thick LEDGES: 200mm wide and 25-30mm thick Door is hung to the frame by T-hinges of iron. The door is commonly used for internal use where it is not subject to hard use or where economy is of main consideration than appearance. It is recommended for WC, bathroom etc.

13. BATTEN ,LEDGED AND BRACED DOOR This is an improved form of battened and ledged door in this type of door two additional members are provided in the form of inclined braces between ledges. BATTEN: 100- 150mm wide and 20=30mm thick LEDGE: 200mm wide and 25-30m thick BRACES: 10-150mm wide and 25-30mm thick Normally constructed using Z-shaped frame with tongue and groove interlocking boards attached . They can be quite heavy in weight but this can depend on thickness of boards used Due to there construction, they are normally very strong and hard wearing and can also be planned and shaped to fit pretty much any doorway . Such doors are used for wider opening. The braces incline down towards the hinged side.

14. BATTENED, LEDGED, BRACED AND FRAMED DOOR This type of door is considered to superior in strength , durability and appearance in other two types of door. The frame work consists of vertical styles: three ledges and two inclined braces. The braces are normally housed into the rails at about 40mm firm the styles. Thickness of the styles and top rails is same which is equal to the thickness of braces and battens. This type is suitable for external door and subjected to rough handling.

15. FRAMED AND PANELED DOOR These types of doors are widely used in all types of buildings since they are strong and give better appearance battened doors. It consists of vertical members called stiles and horizontal members called rails. Stiles and rails from the frame work into which panels are inserted. Panels may be solid wood , plywood or louvered or have glass inserts. Additional vertical members called mullions are used to divide door in any number of panel.

16. GLAZED OR SASHED DOOR This type of door is used in residential and public buildings both. They supplement natural lighting provided by window or to make the interior of room visible from adjoining room. They can be made fully glazed or partly glazed. Fully glazed doors are recommended where sufficient light is required through door openings like in shopping mall, entrance halls etc. In case of partly glazed bottom 1/3 part is usually paneled and upper 2/3 part is glazed.

17. FLUSH DOOR Flush doors are simple doors with completely fiat surface on both sides. They can come in solid format which is a door made of solid wood or hollow format which is light weight and comprise of two layers of thin timber separated , usually, by honey comb core. The core is covered with either hardwood or plywood on both sides. Solid doors are usually used as fire check doors. Flush doors are cheaper and lighter than other types. Flush door’s shutter are manufactured in standard thickness of 25, 30, 35, 40mm

18. TYPES OF FLUSH DOOR Solid core flush door Hollow core Cellular core

19. SOLID CORE FLUSH DOOR Solid door consists of the frame work of vertical stills and top rail and bottom rail. The core consists of wooden strips[ width not more than 25mm] glued together under high pressure or block board or particle board. Plywood sheets/cross bands /face veneers are glued under high pressure to assemble of core on both faces. Such doors are quite strong but heavy and required more material . They provide better sound insulation and have less tendency to wrap.

20. HOLLOW CORE The frame consists of styles, top rail and two intermediate rails not less than 75mm in width. The space between styles and rails is filled by equally spaced batten each of minimum width 25mm such that voids are equally distributed and limited to 0.5sq.m. Plywood /veneers and cross band can be glued from both sides and thickness of plywood should not be less than 6mm

21. CELLULR CORE The frame is made up of stiles top and bottom rail. The space is filled with closely spaced battens of minimum 25mm width , void area does not exceed 0.25sq.m. Thus , total area of voids should not exceed 40% of area of shutter.

22. LOUVERED DOOR A louvered door has fixed or movable wooden louvers which permit open ventilation while preserving privacy and preventing the passage of to the interior. They are commonly used for bath and WC in residential and public buildings where good ventilation is desired. The door may be louvered to its full height or partly louvered or partly paneled. Louvers may be fix or movable and are arranged in inclined fusion thus obstructs visions but permits entry of air. Louvers may be timber, plywood or glass , however they difficult to clean.

23. REVOLVING DOOR

24. REVOLVING DOOR Such are provided in public buildings, like banks, museums, hotels, offices etc. A revolving door has four wigs / leaves that hang on a center shaft and rotate one way about a vertical axis within around enclosure. The central shaft is fitted with ball bearing arrangement at the bottom which allows shutters to move without any jerks and making noise. The radiating shutters may be fully paneled , fully glazed or partly glazed. The glass door allows people to see and anticipate each other while walking through. Vertical rubber places are provided at the rubbing end of shutter to prevent drought of air. People can walk out of and into the building at the same time . Door closes automatically when not in use. These doors are energy efficient by eliminating drafts , thus reducing the heating or cooling required for the building. The door may be motorized or pushed manually using push bars., therefore create a good seal from outside and help to reduce heating and AC costs These doors typically have a ‘speed control’ to prevent people from spinning door too fast.

25. SLIDING DOOR

26. SLDING DOOR In this door, shutter slide horizontally along tracks with the help of runners and rails. Sliding glass doors are common in place where is no space to swing door. Such doors are very popular to use for entrances to commercial structures and also in residential buildings aesthetic considerations. They consist of one, two or three doors that slide by each other one track depending upon the size of opening and space available for sliding. Usually sound insulation is pretty poor so they must be of high quality and fitted exactly in their tracks or else they may slide out of them but are cleaned and maintained easily. When fully open, these doors will allow half space of the opening in double sliding doors. Sliding door moves along metal, wood or vinyl tracks fitted into their frames at the top and bottom. To ease movement , doors often have plastic rollers attached to the top and bottom or to the bottom only. The door is hung by two trolley hangers at the top of door running in a concealed track while at the bottom, rollers are provided to slide shutter in a channel track .

27. SWING DOORS Shutter is fitted to its frame by special double action hinges. The hinges permit shutter to move both ways inward as well as outwards. Doors are not rebated at meeting styles. To open the door , a light push is made and spring action brings shutter in closed position. Return of shutter is with force and , thus door shall be either fully glazed or provided with a peep hole at eye level to avoid accident.

28. COLLLLAPSIBLE DOOR Such doors are used in garages, workshops, public buildings, etc. to provide increased safety and protection to property. Doors do not require hinges to close or open shutter nor frame to hang them .They act like a steel curtain. Door is made up from vertical double channels [ 20*10*2mm] jointed together with hollows on inside to create a vertical gap. These channels are spaced at 100-200mm apart and braced with diagonal iron flats. These diagonals allow shutter to open or closed. Shutter operate between two rails , one fixed to the floor and other to the lintel. Rollers are mounted at the top and bottom.

29. ROLLING SHUTTER

30. ROLLING SHUTTER These are commonly used for shops, godowns stores etc. Door shutter acts like a curtain and thus provide adequate protection and safety against fire and thefts. Shutter is made up of thin steel slabs called laths or states about 1.25mm thick interlocked to each other and coiled upon specially designed called drum mounted at the top. Shutter moves in two vertical steel guide channels installed at their ends. Channel is made up of steel sheets and deep enough to accommodate the shutter and to keep it in position. A horizontal shaft and spring in the drum which allow shutter to coiled in or out. These door may be manually operated for smaller opening [ up to 10sq.m] .Above 10sq.m they may be operated manually.

31. M.S. SHEET DOOR

32. M.S.SHEET DOOR This type of door is recommended for railway goods sheds, garage, godowns, etc. where high degree of protection and safety is needed. Door shutter is fabricated from angle iron or channel section frame which is suitably braced with angle iron diagonal braces or with M.S. flats placed horizontally. Different members of shutter frame are riveted or welded at the junction. The outer frame of shutter is provided with flat angle iron cleats for fixing shutter to door opening. Each cleats has 25mm hole in the horizontal leg for supporting shutter on pin clamps. Two pin clamps are used for each shutter . One end of the pin clamp is embedded in masonry and other end has a 20mm M.S. pin riveted or welded to the clamp. The pin clamp are so placed that top pin faces downward and the bottom pin faces towards so that shutter can not be removed by lifting over the pins. The pins are made to pass through the holes in the cleats of the outer frame of door shutters and that is how shutter gets supported and hence attached to jambs.

33. FIRE CHECK DOOR

34. FIRE CHECK DOOR Fire check doors are required to control and restrict the spread of fire through door openings thereby minimizing the damage of adjoining property in the event of fire. And it is possible to prevent the spread fire to commutating rooms and floors and to reduce the chimney effect[ which occurs in tall buildings] thereby ensuring desired degree of fire protection to the building. The design and material to be used in construction should be sufficiently low to prevent ignition of combustible materials on either side. Fire resistance of door should as far as practicable be same as that for wall in which it is to be fitted. They are used against fire in ware houses, hotels, banks, departmental stores and other public buildings. Normally, for opening up to 1.5m wide , single leaf door shutter is used . Doors can be of sliding or manually operated or automatic type. There are two types of fire check door: Steel plate door, Metal covered door

35. STEEL PLATE DOOR Shutter is made out of steel plate of 6mm or more in thickness stiles and rails on each face made out of 6mm thickness and 10mm wide riveted or welded together, Arrangement of plates / rails hold be such that door shutter becomes 18mm or more in thickness continuously along each edge.

36. METAL COVERED DOOR The core of shutter consists of 3 or 4 layers of planed tongued and grooved , seasoned teak or yellow pined boards not less than 22mm in thickness. This type of door is constructed based on the principle that wood does not burn when air is excluded but converted into charcoal. Door prevent not only frames but so heat passing from one side to another.

37. FLY PROOF DOOR

38. FLY PROOF DOOR Door consists or timber frame work of vertical stiles and horizontal rails and opening of panels are fitted with fine mesh gal vanished wire gauge. G.I. wire is fixed by use of nails and timber beading. Generally, door opening in such a case is provided with double shutters. Shutter opening inside room is folly paneled whereas fly proof or wire gauge shutter opens outside room or vice versa. Door is used to check the entry of flies, mosquitoes, insects etc. into room and to allow free circulation of air at the same time.

39. -- MANISHA AGARWAL THANK YOU