report writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writing.pptx

report writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writingreport writing

1. Report Writing

2. Conti…. Good Scientific Paper Content Structured Accurate Focused on most important findings Language Concise Readable Free of jargon and abbreviations

3. Conti…. Sections of scientific articles Title Acknowledgement Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Recommendation Reference

4. Conti…. Cover page Should contain: →the title →name of the authors with their titles and positions →the institution that is publishing the report →the month and year of publication

5. Conti…. Title Purpose: to provide a brief , informative summary that will attract your target audience What goes with the title? The topic (T) being studied is always included In addition, choose one or two of the following: →Methods (M ) →Results (R) →Conclusions (C)

6. Examples of titles Longitudinal evaluation of Prostate-specific Antigen levels in men with and without Prostate disease Smoking, Pregnancy, and Sources of Prenatal Care: Results from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System Mass mailing has little effect on utilization of Influenza vaccine among Medical Care Beneficiaries

7. Conti…. Abstract The abstract will be the first (and for busy decision makers most likely the only) part of your study that will be read To highlight key points from the major sections of the research Abstract can be structured or unstructured (always check the instruction of the journal) Remember that only few words are allowed to be included in the abstract (usually 250-300 words) Emphasize on what is new and useful

8. Introduction Purpose - to explain why your study is needed Often requires just three paragraphs Objectives are usually the last part of introduction

9. Components of introduction Component Purpose Problem statement What do we need to learn? Literature review What do we already know? Justification Why is this study necessary Objectives What will we achieve from the study?

10. Methods Purpose - to describe how you collected, organized and analyzed data that are relevant to the purpose of the study Organize into logical subsections that illustrate the steps you took to collect, organize and analyze the data Describe what you did, not what you found Describe original methods in detail

11. Conti…. Possible subsection headings of the methods Study design Study area Study population Sample size and sampling method(s) Variables of the study Data collection procedures Data processing and analysis Ethical considerations

12. Results Systematic presentation of your findings in relation to the research objective Purpose - to describe the results of data analysis that are relevant to the study

13. Conti…. Sequence of presentation of findings The 1 st section is usually description of the study population Provide information on the problem you studied ( size, distribution, characteristics ) In analytic study, the degree to which different independent variables influence the problem

14. Conti…. Use of tables & figures Tables & figures need numbers & clear title Include only those tables & figures that present main findings & need more elaborate discussion in the text Use tables to highlight individual values Use figures to highlight trends/relationships Check the numbers; provide consistent row & column summations In tables, keep lines to a minimum; avoid vertical lines

15. Cont …. Text Describe what you found, not what you did Present results in a logical sequence Consider sub-sections Make sure all numbers in text are consistent with tables/figures

16. Discussion Purpose - to interpret your results & justify your interpretation Focus on the main results Emphasize on what is new or different Restate the main finding Interpret the result in context of literature

17. Conclusions & recommendations Conclusions should be short, as they have been elaborately discussed in the discussion section Recommendations are usually placed in roughly the same sequence as the conclusion

18. Conti… Recommendations may at the same time be summarized according to the groups towards which they are directed Example Policy makers Managers at district or lower level Staff who could implement the activities The community at large

19. References Check the style of reference writing which is recommended by the journal where you want to submit your manuscript

20. Common Errors in Theses Data is Data are Majority The majority Over all Overall More over Moreover Contribute for Contribute to Believe on Believe in Awareness about Awareness of Illicit Elicit Results in present tense Past tense About 12.1% 12.1 % Make sexual intercourse Have sexual intercourse Use of condom Use of condoms