Reptiles, Birds And Mammals

1. Reptiles, Birds and
Mammals
Our scaly, feathered and
hairy friends!

2. 3 Key Adaptations for
Life on Land
•1. Amniotic Egg
•2. Internal Fertilization
•3. Water-tight skin
•An amniotic egg is a waterproof egg
with a shell.
•It is named for a particular
membrane called the amnion.
•The amnion protects the embryo
from drying out and surround a fluid
filled cavity that cushions it.

3. Key Adaptations
•The other membranes formed during
development of the embryo function
in gas exchange, waste removal and
supplying nutrients.
•The amniotic egg makes it possible
to lay an egg on land without
needing to return to the water like
an amphibian.

4. Key Adaptations
•In internal fertilization, the male deposits
sperm within the female’s body.
•The sperm then swims inside the
reproductive tube towards the egg.
•This allows for reproduction to take place
outside of water.
•Amniotes have a water-tight skin enriched
with a waterproofing protein called
keratin.
•The keratinized skin prevents dehydration.

5. Key Adaptations
•Reptile skin has scales which
are hard, overlapping structures
made of keratin.
•Birds have feathers made of
keratin.
•Mammals have hair, nails and
horns made of keratin.

6. Vocabulary
•Ectotherms-main source of body
heat is the environment-cold-
blooded
•Endotherms-body heat
generated internally by cell
metabolism, warm-blooded

7. History of Reptiles
•The oldest reptile fossils have been found
in rocks dating from the Carboniferous
period about 300 mya.
•Reptiles diversified in the Mesozoic era.
•At that time, dinosaurs occupied every
habitat and ecological role.
•Some were very quick and agile indicating
that they might have been endotherms.
•Some fossils of dinosaurs have been found
with feathers.
•Dinosaurs became extinct 65 mya from a
massive collision with a comet or asteroid.

8. Diversity of Living
Reptiles
•6,500 known species

9. Turtles and Tortoises
•Shell of bony plates called
scutes
•Some aquatic turtles’ shells are
soft and leathery
•Jaw with horny ridges
•Terrestrial turtles are called
tortoises

10. Turtles and Tortoises

11. Lizards and Snakes
•Lizards usually have 4 limbs
with the exception of legless
lizards
•All snakes are predators
•Snakes evolved from lizards and
some still have pelvises
•25% of snakes are venomous
and 2 lizards are.

12. Snakes

13. Lizards

14. Crocodilians
•Largest living reptiles
•Closely related to dinosaurs
•Highly developed brain
•Only reptiles with 4 chambered
hearts, the others have 3
•Alligators have rounded snouts,
crocodiles have pointed snouts

15. Crocodilians
Alligator
Crocodile

16. Crocodilians
Gavial
Caiman

17. Tuaturas
•Rare, old species
•Different structures than
lizards, vestigial third eye and
slowest metabolism in reptile
class
•Endangered
•Live only on islands near
Australia and New Zealand

18. Tuatara-living fossil

19. Birds
•Molecular and fossil evidence
indicated birds and crocodilians
are more closely related to
dinosaurs than any other
reptiles.
•Feathers-modified scales made
of keratin used for flight and
insulation

20. Birdies
•Birds have a system of branching air
sacs that function with their lungs in
respiration.
•The air sac system helps supply the
high levels of oxygen that support a
high rate of metabolism.
•Air sacs also reduce the overall body
weight of the bird.
•Bird bones are honeycombed and
mostly hollow but are still
structurally strong.

21. Bird’s Adaptations to
Decrease Body Weight
•1. Air sac system
•2. Honeycombed bones
•3. Absence of many internal
organs
•4. Absence of teeth

22. Birdies
•Gizzard- muscular organ often
containing small stones that grind
seeds and other food
•Crop- sac like organ used for
temporarily storing food
•4 chambered heart is efficient by
keeping oxygen rich blood
completely separate from the oxygen
poor blood.

23. Origin of Birds
•Many paleontologists agree the
ancestor of birds was a small,
feathered dinosaur.
•A famous bird fossil,
Archaeopteryx lived 150 mya.
•It had a mixture of bird and
reptilian features.

24. Archaeopteryx

25. The hoatzin-resembles
early birds

26. Diversity of Birds
•9,000 species

27. Flying Styles
•Rapid altitude changes-finches,
cardinals
•Soar and glide on air currents-
falcons and albatrosses
•Flap or buzz quickly and can hover or
go backwards-hummingbirds
•Flightless swimming/diving birds-
penguins
•Flightless running birds-ostriches,
emus

28. Beak Adaptations
•Made of keratin
•Modified to the food source
•Toothless and cannot chew

29. Foot Structure
•Perching-songbirds
•Grasping-woodpeckers,
nuthatches
•Raptors-eagles, hawks
•Swimming-ducks, geese

30. Perching Birds

31. Swimming Birds

32. Raptors

33. Awww preeeety birdie

34. Behavioral Adaptations
•Complex courtship behaviors
•Complex song communications
•Caring for offspring
•Nest building

35. Origin of Mammals
•The oldest fossils of mammals date back
about 200 mya to early Mesozoic era.
•Fossil evidence indicates mammals
evolved from reptiles called therapsids.
•Early mammals coexisted with dinosaurs
but were mouse-sized and ate insects.
•These early mammals were nocturnal and
endothermic.
•Mammals took over all habitats and
diversified once the dinosaurs went
extinct.
•Mammal-endothermic vertebrate that
possesses mammary glands and hair

36. Therapsids-ancestors to
mammals

37. Early mammals

38. All Mammals have:
•1. Mammary glands (got milk?)
•2. Hair
•3. Lungs
•4. Muscular diaphragm that
separates lungs and heart from the
rest of the body
•5. 4 chambered heart
•6. Reproduce sexually with internal
fertilization (a few exceptions)
•7. Most give live birth with few
exceptions

39. Diversity of Mammals
•4,500 known species

40. Mammals
Placentals Monotremes Marsupials
Embryo develops
In a uterus
Lay eggs Have a pouch
Placenta provides
Nutrients to
embryo
Only live in
Australia and
Neighboring
islands
Young born before
Fully developed
Contains amnion
like bird and reptile
eggs
Mixture of reptilian
And mammalian
characteristics
Most live in
Australia and
Neighboring
Islands, except
opossum
4,200 species
Platypus and
echidna
Kangaroos
Koalas
Opossums
Etc..

41. Monotremes

42. Marsupials

43. Marsupial babies

44. Placental Mammals

45. Primates
•Order Primata
•Lemurs, monkeys, apes and humans
•Evolved from tree-welling, insect-
eating ancestors about 65 mya.
•Flexible shoulder joints
•Opposable thumbs
•Fingernails
•2 eyes with binocular vision
•Care for young and nurture offspring
for extended period of time

46. 2 Groups of Primates
•Lorises, Galagos and lemurs
•Madagascar and Comoro islands
•Lorises in Africa and Southern
Asia
•Many have claws not nails

47. 2 Groups of Primates
•Tarsiers, New World Monkeys, Old
World Monkeys, apes and humans
•Tarsiers from Southeast Asia
•NW monkeys in Americas have
prehensile tails that grasp and are
tree-dwelling
•OW monkeys are usually ground
dwelling like baboons, mandrills or
macaques, no external tail
•Apes are gorillas, siamangs,
orangutans, gibbons, chimps,
bonobos and humans
•Closest relatives to humans

48. Prosimians or early
primates

49. Tarsiers are cute!!!!

50. Peek-A-Boo!

51. Aye-Aye

52. Bushbabies

53. Primates
Asian and
African
Monkeys

54. Primates

55. Ape Family
Gibbons

56. Apes

57. Bonobos-Our
closest
relatives

58. Human or not?

59. Bonobos are
endangered!

60. Early Hominids
•Oldest evidence for bipedalism
or upright walking was
Australopithecus about 4 mya.
•Famous fossil called Lucy.

65. Other Hominid relatives
•Ardipithecus
•Australopithecus
•Homo habilis
•Homo erectus
•Homo ergaster
•Homo neanderthalensis
•Homo sapiens

66. How did Humans Arise?
Why are we the only ones?
•Homo sapiens the most
intelligent?
•1. Modern humans killed
neanderthals?
•2. Modern human interbred with
neanderthals?

67. Reptiles
Turtles and
Tortoises
Lizards and
snakes
Crocodilians Tuataras
Hard shell
Made of scutes
Can be legless or
Have limbs
Alligators
Crocs
caimans
Rare
endangered
Longest lived
reptiles
Snakes evolved
From lizards
Related to
dinosaurs
Different physical
Characteristics
Than lizards

68. Birds
Perching grasping raptors swimming
Cardinals
songbirds
woodpeckers
Eagles
hawks
Duck
geese