Research and its types.. Research methodology

Its a topic of Research Methodology...

1. Research and its types

2. Research Defined and Described
“Researchisthesystematicapproachtoobtaining
andconfirmingnewandreliableknowledge”
–Systematicandorderly(followingaseriesof
steps)
–Purposeisnewknowledge,whichmustbereliable
Thisisageneraldefinitionwhichappliestoall
disciplines
Anyhonestattempttostudyaproblemsystematicallyor
toaddtoman’sknowledgeofaproblemmayberegarded
asresearch.
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3. Qualityresearchisthelifebloodofany
scientificdiscipline.Withoutit,disciplines
wouldstagnate,failingtoadvancepasttheir
currentlimitsandunderstanding.

4. WHY UNDERTAKE RESEARCH?
Toinvestigatesomeexistingsituationor
problem.
Toprovidesolutionstoaproblem.
Toexploreandanalysemoregeneralissues.
Toconstructorcreateanewprocedureor
system.
Toexplainanewphenomenon.
Togeneratenewknowledge.
Acombinationoftwoormoreofanyofthe
above.

5. WHY UNDERTAKE RESEARCH?
Todiscovernewfacts
Toverifyandtestimportantfacts
Toanalyzeanevents(apoptosis)orprocess,
phenomenon toidentifythecauseandeffect
relationship.
Todevelopnew/scientifictools,concept,theoriesto
solveandunderstandingscientificandnonscientific
problems.
Tofindsolutionstoscientific,nonscientific,social
problems.
Toovercomeorsolvetheproblemsoccurringinour
everydaylife.
Toimprovethequalityofhumanlife.

6. Significance of research
Researchprovidesunderstandingandsolutionof
differentnewproblems,events,phenomena and
process
Helpsustoidentifytheapplicationsoftheoriesand
concepts
Itisthesourceofknowledgeandprovidesguidelines
forsolvingproblems
ProvidesthebasisofGovt.policies(needs/availability
relationship)
Inindustryandbusinessforhighergainandto
improvethequalityofproducts
Itleadstotheidentificationandcharacterizationof
newmaterials,newlivingthings,newproducts

7. Significance of research
Tomakeinventories
Socialresearch….Tofindoutanswerstosocial
problems
Leadstonewstyleoflifeandmakesitdelightfuland
glorious.

8. Research is not
Accidental discovery :
Accidentaldiscoverymayoccurinstructured
researchprocess
Usuallytakestheformofaphenomenon not
previouslynoticed
Mayleadtoastructuredresearchprocessto
verifyorunderstandtheobservation
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9. Research is not … cont.
DataCollection
•anintermediatesteptogainreliableknowledge
•collectingreliabledataispartoftheresearch
process
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10. Research is not … cont.
Searchingoutpublishedresearchresultsin
libraries(ortheinternet)
•Thisisanimportantearlystepofresearch
•Theresearchprocessalwaysincludessynthesis
andanalysis
•But,justreviewingofliteratureisnotresearch
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11. Research is…
1.Searchingforexplanationofevents,phenomena,
relationshipsandcauses
–What,howandwhythingsoccur
–Arethereinteractions?
2.Aprocess
–Plannedandmanaged –tomake the
informationgeneratedcredible
–Theprocessiscreative
–Itiscircular–alwaysleadstomorequestions
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12. Allwelldesignedandconductedresearchhaspotential
application.
Failuretoseeapplicationscanbedueto:
Usersnottrainedorexperiencedinthespecialized
methodsofeconomicresearchandreasoning
Researchers oftendonotprovideadequate
interpretationsandguidanceonapplicationsofthe
research
oResearchersareresponsibletohelpuserstounderstand
researchimplications
(How?)
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13. Development of Research Skills
Learning how to conduct good research:
New skills (that many people do not
have)
Better understanding and interpretation
of the literature
Recognize new questions that need
investigation
Objectivity is the key element of research

14. Search for Truth
Five sources of evidence in the pursuit of
truth:
1.Custom and tradition
2.Authority
3.Personal experience
4.Deductive reasoning
5.Scientific inquiry

15. Deductive Reasoning
Logic.
In deductive reasoning, thinking proceeds from general
assumption to specific application
GENERAL SPECIFIC
Aristotle and other early philosophers
Drawing conclusions through categorical syllogism.
All philosophers are moral. Socrates is a philosopher.
Therefore, Socrates is moral.
Resistance training makes one big and bulky by
increasing body mass. Sandi is resistance training.
Therefore, Sandi will become big and bulky.
Not sufficient as a source of new truth

16. Inductive Reasoning
Conclusionsaboutevents(general)arebasedon
informationgeneratedthroughmanyindividualand
directobservations(specific).
SPECIFICGENERAL
Researchersobserveanindividualorgroupof
individualsfromalargerpopulationbasedon
theseobservations,generalizationsaremade
backtothelargerpopulation.

17. Inductive Reasoning
Two kinds of induction:
Perfect
Conclusions based on observations made from
ALL members of a group or population
Imperfect
Conclusions based on observations made from
a random sample of members of a population

18. Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning
Deductive:
Everymammal haslungs.Allrabbitsare
mammals.Therefore,everyrabbithaslungs.
Inductive:
Everyrabbitthathasbeenobservedhaslungs.
Therefore,everyrabbithaslungs.

19. Classification of Research
Different criteria are used to classify research types
(All of these are somewhat arbitrary and artificial)
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20. Many kinds of research
LOGICAL (mathematics, philosophy)
EVALUATION (judging, appraising)
INVESTIGATIVE (law, government hearings,
journalism)
DEMOGRAPHIC (economics, census, polling)
MODUS OPERANDI (forensics, medical diagnosis)
EMPIRICAL/SCIENTIFIC (social science, education,
physical science)

21. TYPES OF RESEARCH
Exploratory research
Takesplacewherethereislittleornoprior
knowledgeofaphenomenon.
Thistypeofresearchattemptstogainsome
familiaritywiththeappropriateconceptsand
looksforpatternsorideaswithoutany
preconceivedideasorexplanation.

22. Descriptive research
Describesaparticularphenomenon, focusing
upontheissueofwhatishappening,orhow
muchofithashappened,ratherthanwhyitis
happening.

23. Explanatory research
Thistypeofresearchisinvolvedinexplaining
whysomethinghappens,andassessingcausal
relationshipsbetweenvariables.

24. Predictive research
Forecastsfuturephenomena, basedonthe
interpretationssuggested byexplanatory
research.

25. PRIMARY ANDSECONDARY RESEARCH
Primaryresearch
Referstoresearchthathasinvolvedthecollection
oforiginaldataspecifictothatparticularresearch
project,forexamplethroughusingresearch
methodssuchasquestionnairesorinterviews.
Secondaryresearch
Referstoresearchwherenosuchoriginaldatais
collected,buttheresearchprojectusesexisting
(orsecondary)sourcesofdata,forexample
censusorarchivedata.

26. THEORETICAL ANDEMPIRICAL RESEARCH
Theoreticalresearch generallyusesthe
findingsfromexistingworkstodevelopnew
ideasthroughanalysingexistingtheoryand
explanations.Thesenewideasarenottested
throughcollectingevidenceintheformof
primarydata.
Empiricalresearchsupportsthedevelopment
ofnewideasthroughthecollectionofdata
(empirical=observationormeasurement
ratherthantheoreticalreasoning).

27. PURE AND APPLIED RESEARCH
Pureresearchtakesplacetoexploreaparticular
concept,orissue,withoutregardforaspecific
problem,andmaybecarriedouttosimplygaina
betterunderstandingoftheoverallconcepts.
Appliedresearchisundertakentosolvea
specificproblemorprovideasolutiontoapractical
question.

28. WHAT IS RESEARCH -SUMMARY
1.Thereareanumberofdefinitionsofresearch.
Definingresearchislessimportantthan
understandingitsnature.
2.Researchisimportantfortheadvancementof
anyacademicfieldordiscipline.
3.Researchcanbeclassifiedasexploratory,
descriptive,explanatoryorpredictivedepending
uponitspurpose.Itcanalsobeclassifiedas
eithertheoreticalorapplieddependinguponthe
levelofapplicationofthefindingsto‘reallife’
situations.

29. SUMMARY II
4.Researchmayinvolvethecollectionofnew
data(primaryresearch)ortheuseofexisting
data(secondaryresearch).
5.Thebestwaytobegintodevelopyour
understandingofresearch,itsrole,andthe
typesofresearchistoundertakesome
reading.Choosesomeappropriatearticles,
andbegintoread!

30. HOW TO READ RESEARCH
Locate and read a few articles from within a field you
are comfortable with.
Read studies that are of interest to you.
1. Read the abstract first.
2. Identify the research question and objectives.
3. Why did the researcher(s) choose a particular
sample?
4. What were the methods chosen to collect data?
5. What were the most important findings?
6. Do not be over-concerned with statistical analysis.
7. Be critical but objective.