Research and research process

This presentation contains ;-
1. Introduction of research
2. Meaning of research
3. Definition of research
4. Need of nursing research
5. Methods of acquiring knowledge
6. Problem solving method
7. Scientific method
8. Steps of scientific methods
9. Characteristics of good research
10. Qualities of a good researcher
11. Ethics in nursing research
12. Informed consent
13. Types of research
14. Quantitative research
15. Qualitative research
16. Mixed method of research
17. Research based on purpose
18. Purpose based research
19. Applied research
20. Research process
21. Steps of quantitative research process
22. Conceptual frame work
23. Formulating research problem
24. Determining study objectives
25. Review of literature
26. Developing conceptual framework
27. Formulating hypothesis
28. Design and planning phase
29. Research approach or research design
30. Specify population
31. sampling
32. Developing tool for data collection
33. Establishing ethical consideration
34. Conducting the pilot study
35. Pilot study
36. Empirical phase
37. Sample selection
38. Data collection
39. Preparing for data analysis
40. Analytic phase
41. Dissemination phase
42. Steps in qualitative research process
43. Role of nurse in research

1. RESE A RCH AND RESEARCH PROCESS Presented By – Mr. Atul Yadav (RN,RM) .

2. INTRODUCTION In any profession, research is necessary to invention of new technology and techniques its help to improve the body of knowledge in profession. Nursing Research nurses need the scientific knowledge required to be a competent nurse practitioner.

3. MEANING OF RESEARCH? The word Research is derived from the French word “recherche” , which means “to go about seeking” , Old French term “recerchier” a compound word from “re-” + “cerchier” The earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577.

4. RE – SEARCH The prefix “ re” means “again” and signifies replication of the search . One seeks new knowledge or to directly utilize knowledge specific to life situations . Research seeks answers to questions in an orderly and systematic way It is a method of problem solving

5. Research is a careful inquiry or examination in seeking facts or principles, a diligent investigation to ascertain something. It is a scientific process. It is called scientific because the results are verifiable. It is systematic search for answers to questions about facts & relationship between facts . Definition OF RESEARCH

6. Definition of research Research is an organized investigation of a problem. Research is a problem solving process, a systematic, intensive study directed towards full, scientific knowledge of the subject studied. (French Ruth) Research is a process which systematically searches for new facts and relationship . (Notter)

7. Research may be defined as planned, systematic search for information for the purpose of increasing the total body of man’s knowledge. It involves looking for information which at the time is not available or for which that available or for which that has no generally accepted evidence. (Arnold Lancester) Cont…

8. NEED FOR NURSING RESEARCH Nursing Research helps to: Build and e xpan d the bod y of nu r sing knowledge, Validate and refine the existing nursing practice, Make health care efficient and cost-effective.

9. NEED FOR NURSING RESEARCH To Develop, refine, and extend the scientific base of knowledge, which is required for quality nursing care, education, and administration. To Enhance the body of professional knowledge in nursing. To Provide foundation for EBN practices. To Help in expansion of knowledge, which is essential for continued growth of nursing profession.

10. NEED FOR NURSING RESEARCH To Enhance their professional identity as research is an essential component of any profession. To Define the parameters of nursing, which will help nurses to identify boundaries of nursing profession. To Refine and eliminate old knowledge so that it helps in elimination of nursing actions that have no effect on the achievement of desired client outcomes.

11. METHODS OF AC Q UIR I NG KNOWLEDGE Tradition - based on customs/beliefs Authority - by power and expertise Intuition Experience Trial and error UNSTRUCTURED METODS STRUCTURED METHODS Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Assembled information Problem solving Scientific method/ Research

12. PROB L E M - SOLVING METH O D A prob l em i s v iewed a s a gap b et w een ‘what is’ and ‘what sho u ld be ’ . T rad i t i o n a l proble m -solving usually involved involves the six steps elaborated here . Problem identi f ication Pro b lem analysis Developing solution I m pl e m enting solution Eval u ating results Standardise Solution

13. SC I ENTIFIC M ETHOD :- It is systematic investigations that are rooted in objective reality that aim to develop general knowledge about natural phenomena. It is based on empirical and measurable evidence which reduces the chances of bias.

14. Scientific Method Steps 7 Formulate a question for scientific enquiry Do preliminary review of literature Formulate hypothesis Test the hypothesis through an experiment Analyze the data and draw conclusion Communicate the findings

15. CHARACTERIST I C S O F GOOD RESEARCH Orderly and systematic process Goal-directed Empirical/Objective Based on current professional issues Finding solution of a problem Patiently and unhurried activity Reproducibility Accuracy Originality Training investigators Use appropriate methodology Conducted on representative sample Use valid and reliable data collection tools Carefully recorded and reported Appropriately analysed research

16. ETHICS IN NURSING RESEARCH Ethics refers to moral principles that should be considered while making decisions. The Nuremberg Code came into existence in 1947 after the exposure of Nazi atrocities during the Second World War. The Belmont Report the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioural Research (USA) has served as many ethical guidelines adopted by several disciplines.

17. Voluntary human consent is essential Experimental results should good for society Anticipated result should justify the experiment Avoids all physical and mental suffering No experiment if there is a chance of death or disability Minimize risk of subjects Proper preparation and facilities to protect subject Experiments conducted only by qualified persons. Subjects can withdraw at anytime

18. ETHIC S I N NUR S IN G RESEARCH The broad ethical principles outlined by Belmont Report are as follows: Principle of beneficence Principle of respect for human dignity Principle of justice Informed consent

19. ETHIC S I N NUR S IN G RESEARCH Principle of beneficence Risk–benefit ratio Protect from harmful effect Freedom and avoid discomfort to study participants. Benefit from research Principle of justice Fair and non discriminatory selection of participants Confidentiality of information must be maintained. Avoid overuse in vulnerable groups like children

20. ETHICS IN NURSING RESEARCH Principle of respect for human dignity Right to self determination Right to full disclosure Participants have the right to quit from the study at any stage.

21. INFO R MED CO N SENT Written Informed consent from the prospective study participants has become an essential requirement in nursing research. Assent is the term used instead of consent when the underage child chooses to participate in a study. The material provided to participants (Subject/patient information sheet) should be in their preferred language and at their reading level.

22. TYPES OF RESEARCH Research is classified based on either an approach of studying variable or the purpose of conducting the research. These classification are as follows: Quantitative research, Qualitative research and mixed method research Basic research and applied research

23. Egg Quantity- number, shape, size, color etc. Quality - smell, taste, aroma etc. Experience of patient about nursing care?

24. QUANTITATIVE RESE A RCH It is an enquiry into an identified problem based on testing a theory composed of variables, measured with numbers and analysed using statistical techniques. In this types of research data is collected in numerical form and analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The three major types of quantitative research design are experimental, quasi experimental and nonexperimental

25. QUANTITATIVE RESE A RCH

26. QUALITATIVE RESE A RCH Qualitative research is a field of enquiry that crosscuts disciplines and subject matter. It involves an in depth understanding of human behaviours, it concerned with the opinions, experiences, and feeling of individuals producing subject data, Here data is collected in descriptive form rather than numerical form The five major types of qualitative research design are phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, case study, and historical research.

27. MI X ED METRHOD RESEARCH Nursing research study deals with a complex phenomenon, which cannot be answered completely by qualitative or quantitative research method alone so mixed method is considered as a better alternative to answer a research question. Mixed method research approach involved in numerical and descriptive narrations in a study. The four types of mixed method research design are convergent research, explanatory sequential research, exploratory sequential research, embedded research design ( E.g.) A researcher use convergent design to understand the nurses attitude about care of HIV patients

28. MI X ED METRHOD RESEARCH

29. MI X ED METRHOD RESEARCH

30. BASED ON PURPOSE Basic research it is performed without a specific purpose in mind rather its primary concerned with generation of new knowledge. It is a formal and systematic process leading to the development of theories. There is no immediate commercial value of the result as its main motivation is to expand the body of knowledge ( E.g.) A researcher carries out a study on effect of participatory culture in an organisation on work performance of employees.

31. APPLIED RESE A RCH Applied research refer to those studies that have functional purposes and practical use or application. They focus on immediate solution to an existing problem. This type of research help to solve problem, make decisions, develop something new for immediate use ( E.g.) A study to assess the effectiveness of two different techniques of pin site care for prevention of pin site infection.

32. RESE A RCH PRO C ESS :- It is a step by step process involves identifying, locating, assessing and analysing the research question then developing and expressing your ideas in order to find answer and ways in which they are carried out. Quantitative research process Qualitative research process

33. STEPS OF QUANT I TA T IVE RESEARCH PROCESS The qua n t i ta t ive re s e ar c h p roc e ss can be broa d ly categorised into the following phases: ♣ Conceptual phase ♣ Design and planning phase ♣ Empirical phase ♣ Analytic phase ♣ Disseminating phase

34. C O N C EPTUAL FRAME WORK : ♣ Formulating the research problem ♣ Determine the study objective ♣ Review of literature ♣ Developing conceptual framework ♣ Formulating hypothesis and assumption

35. FORMULATING RESE A RC H PROBLEM Generally start with broad topic area and later narrowed to specific topic of the study PICOT model guide for formulating a clinical research question P- Population I- Intervention C- Comparison group O- Outcome of interest T- Time Check 4 Dimension Substantive dimension Methodological dimension Practical dimension Ethical dimension

36. DE T ERM I NIN G STUDY OBJECTIVES There must be a clear direction to every research project and objectives certainly serve this purpose. It may be general and specific objective for a research project. This step of research process also includes writing operational definition of the variables under the study.

37. REVIEW OF LITERATURE A literature review is a summary of previous knowledge generated on the topic of study. Review of literature helps the researcher to understand what is already known about the topic and what need to be further investigated. The sources of ROL such as books, journals, research report, unpublished theses, newspaper, magazines, and electronic data base,

38. DEVELOPIN G CO N CEPT U AL FRAMEWORK The basic aim of quantitative research in most discipline is to develop, refine or test theories. Most of the nursing researcher plan to develop a conceptual framework based on the existing nursing or non nursing theories. The conceptual framework not only provide meaning to research problem but also help in developing hypothesis or assumptions for research study.

39. FO R MULAT I N G HYPOTHE S IS Hypothesis is an assumed statement suggesting an answer to a question, which may or may not be true. It is a prediction of what is expected to be the outcome of the study, which is either accepted or rejected ( E.g.) A study on alcohol intake and incidence of liver disease among people of an urban area. here hypothesis may be considered as alcoholic have higher incidence of liver disease.

40. DESIG N AND PLANNING PHASE Selecting the research approach and design Specifying the population Developing tool for data collection Establishing ethical consideration Conducting Pilot study

41. RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN Research design is the blue print of research study, which enables the researcher to know on whom, what, when, where, and how the study will be conducted. Experimental – it must have three characteristics that is manipulation, randomization and control group Quasi experimental- it involve manipulation of independent variable to observe the effect on dependent variables, but usually there is absence of randomization or control group. Non experimental – it involve study of research variables without manipulation them in natural setting for the purpose of description, exploration, explanation, and correlation between two or more va r i a bles.

42. SPECIFY THE POPULATION :- Research population is an aggregate of all the subjects or objects with specific characteristics. ( E.g.) A study on prevalence of health care associated infection among patient admitted in ICU .

43. DEVELOPING TOOL FOR DATA COLLECTION - This is the most important and crucial step of the research process the tool for data collection depends on several factor such as type of research design, variables, subjects, available resources and time for the study. The researcher use standardized tool or develop new tool, it must be used after establishing their validity and reliability.

44. ESTABLISHING ETHICAL CONSIDERATION Obtaining ethical approval from IEC Taking informed consent from participants Obtaining the permission from competent authority of a health care facility Maintaining confidentiality of the information

45. CONDUCTING PILOT STUDY Pilot study is a kind of small scale rehearsal on the subjects, but these subjects are not a part of the actual study. Pilot study conducted to ensure the feasibility of the study.

46. EMPI R I C AL PHASE Sample selection Data collection Preparation of data for analysis

47. SAMPLE SELECTION It is not practically possible to conduct study on entire population. Therefore researcher must select representative Part of the population A sample can be selected by using either probability or non probability sampling techniques .

48. DATA COLLECTION It is most time consuming steps of research process which involves direct or indirect interaction to get information Data collection require adequate planning, patience, communication, and IPR. Data could be collect through questioning, interviewing, or observation methods

49. PRE P ARING DAT A FOR ANALYSIS In Quantitative studies careful checking of every tool for its completeness and coding is the main activity during this step of research process It must ensure that one code specifies only one piece of information, and it should be maintained carefully to avoid any error. Coding can be carried out manually on a paper sheet, or computer grading sheet or directly in statistical software

50. ANALYTIC PHASE: ANALYSING DATA & INTERPRETING THE FINDINGS In quantitative research studies numerical data must be organised in an orderly and sequential manner, and analysis and interpretation of data using appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics. Data may be analysed either manual calculation or by using statistical programme for social sciences (SPSS), Epi- info, STATA, Minitab PASS. Data is presented through tables, graphs, and chart.

51. DISSEMINATIO N PHASE: COMMUNICATING RESEARCH FINDINGS Research finding may be communicated through writing of research thesis, article, or presentation an oral research report at scientific conference

52. STEPS I N QUALITA T IVE RESEARCH PROCESS

53. Identifying research problem Selecting research approach and design Formulating broad study objectives Entry in research setting Review of relevant literature Selecting a small sample

54. Establish ethical consideration Analysis and interpretation of data Planning tool for data collection Organizing data for analysis Collecting data Disseminating the research findings

55. Role of nurse in Research Advocate of client or respondents during study Major/ principal Investigator Evaluator of a research findings Research problem identifier Informants / respondents / subjects / participants or sample population Consumer of research findings Associate or member of research team