Research approches and designs

Research approaches and designs in simple language and to the point for teachers and student nurses

1. Research approaches and designs Mr. Sushil Humane MSN, RN

2. Introduction Research design/approach:- A blueprint that researcher select to carry out their research study Also known as research methodology It involve the five elements:- Research approach Population, sample and sampling technique The time, place, and resources of data collection Tools and methods of data collection Method of data analysis

3. Types of research designs The broad classification of research design is Quantitative research design Qualitative research design Mixed method

4. Types of quantitative research design

5. Types of qualitative research design

6. Experimental research design “Observation under controlled conditions” Examining the effect of independent variable on dependent variable Used to test the hypothesis

7. True experimental Conduct under the controlled condition that is full control on the extraneous variables Characteristics: manipulation, control and randomization Manipulation: conscious control of the independent variable to observe the effect on the dependent variable. Control: control group, controlling the effect of extraneous variables on the dependent variable. Negative control: no placebo, no other type of treatment/intervention Clear control: receive placebo Positive control: receive other treatment or experimental intervention

8. True experimental Randomization: Every subject has equal chance of getting select for experimental and control group Methods: flip a coin, lucky draw, random table, computer assisted randomization. (ROX)

9. Types of true experimental

10. Post test only

11. Pretest-post-test only

12. Solomon four group design

13. Factorial design Researcher manipulate two or more independent variables simultaneously to observe their effect on the dependent variables. More than two independent factors are tested Ex. A researcher wants to observe the effect of two different protocols of mouth care on prevention of VAP when perform at different frequencies in a day. Frequency of mouth care Protocol of mouth care Chlorhexidine( α 1) Saline( α 2) 4 hourly ( β 1) Β 1……. α 1 Β 1……. α 2 6 hourly( β 2) Β 2……. α 1 Β 2…….. α 2 8 hourly ( β 3) Β 3…….. α 1 Β 3……… α 2

14. Random block design Used for large number of comparison groups It brings homogeneity among selected different groups Ex. Effect of three different antihypertensive drugs on patient with hypertension. Types of hypertensive drugs Blocks Patients with primary hypertension (I) Diabetic patient with hypertension (II) Renal patient with hypertension(III) A A,I A,II A,III B B,I B,II B,III c C,I C,II C,III

15. Crossover design Aka ‘repeat measure design’ It is used when the two or more measures need to administer at different time but to the same group of samples. Ex. In administering the chlorhexidine protocol with saline Group Protocol for mouth care Group 1 Chlorhexidine ( α 1) Saline ( α 2) Group 2 Saline ( α 2) Chlorhexidine ( α 1)

16. Advantages of true experimental design Most powerful design for finding the relationship between independent and dependent variables Due to advantage of using control environment Yield greater degree of purity in observation. Condition that not found in natural setting can be created in the experimental setting We can create a control environment in short period of time which may take very long time naturally The research can be conducted in an environment where the researcher get the leisure, care and concentration in study

17. Disadvantage of true experimental design Result cannot be replicated in human population due to ethical problems In some cases, the danger can be occur to samples physical or mental health Some of the criteria does not have any tool to measure. Ex. Level of wellness. Sometime the extraneous variables are out of control If the intervention/effect then the process become time consuming Study participants may generate the difficulty or change

18. Quasi-experimental research design Mr. Sushil Humane MSN. RN

19. Features The manipulation of independent variable to observe the effect on dependent variable Lacks at least one of characteristic of true experimental design: randomization or control group. used when there is no random assignment of subject and difficult to form control group.

20. Types of quasi-experimental design Nonrandomized control group design Time series design

21. Nonrandomized control group design Aka ‘nonequivalent control group design’ Identical to pretest-post-test control group design except that there is no random assignment of subject

22. Time series design If experimenter wants to measure the effect of a treatment over a long period of time Continue to administer the intervention and then making the observation number of times Single subject research

23. Advantages of quasi-experimental group More practical and feasible More realistic than true experimental Evaluation of impact under natural setting

24. Disadvantages of quasi-experimental design No control over extraneous variables The absence of control group or a lack of control over the research setting makes the result of this design less reliable and weak for the establishment of causal relationship.

25. Pre-experimental research design Very weak because researcher has very little control over the experiment. Types One shot case design One group pretest-post-test design

26. One-shot case design Single experimental group expose to treatment and observation.

27. One group pretest-post-test design Single experimental group

28. Advantages Very simple and convenient to conduct the study in natural setting Most suitable design for beginners

29. Disadvantages Considered very weak it has very little control over the research Higher threat to internal validity of the research May cause selection bias

30. Non-experimental design Mr. Sushil Humane MSN. RN

31. Features Observation of the phenomenon in the natural setting and no external variable introduce No manipulation or control

32. Types of non-experimental research design Descriptive design Correlational/ex-post facto design Developmental research design Epidemiological design Survey research design

33. Descriptive design Observe, document and describe Collection of information related to characteristics Usually has large sample size to prevent bias Types: Univariant descriptive design Exploratory design Comparative design

34. Univariant descriptive design Describe the frequency of occurrence of phenomenon It not only describe the variables but also find the relationship between the variables Mainly used to describe the perception, awareness, behavior, attitude, knowledge and practice

35. Exploratory research design Identify, explore and describe the existing phenomenon and its related factors Example: an exploratory study to assess the multifactorial dimensions of falls and home safety measures for elderly people living in selected communities in Amravati.

36. Comparative study Involves comparing and contrasting two or more of the sample of study subjects on one or more variables, often at a single point of time. Two attributes are compaired Ex. Knowledge level and perception

37. Correlational study Non-experimental design where the researcher examines the relationship between two or more variables in natural setting No manipulation Ex. Correlational study to assess/investigate the study habits and visual acuity among the school children. Direction of relationship between variables: positive, negative or zero Types: prospective, retrospective and ambispective

38. Developmental research design Examination of phenomenon with reference of time Types: cross-sectional, longitudinal Cross-sectional research design: data collection is done at a point of time Longitudinal research design: data collection over an extended period of time. Types: trend study, panel study, follow-up study.

39. Epidemiological research design Investigate the distribution and causes of disease in population Types: cohort study, case-control study Cohort study:- incidence study are design to measure the exposure and outcome in the context of time.

40. Survey research design Collection of information from different subjects within a given population Sample survey, population survey/census Collected information is about prevalence, distribution and interrelationship of variables within a population.

41. Advantages of non-experimental research design Closest to real life situation. Most suitable for the nursing research studies Some human characteristics are subjected to experimental manipulation(e.g. blood type, personality, health belief, medical diagnosis etc.)

42. Disadvantage of non-experimental research The relationship between the independent and dependent variable can never be absolutely clear and error free. Authenticity and generalizability of the study is less as compare to other designs

43. Other additional research design Methodological research: develop, validate, test and evaluate the research instrument and method. Meta-analysis: quantitatively combining and integrating the finding of the multiple research studies on a particular topic Secondary data analysis: new researcher testing the data with new hypothesis.

44. References Suresh k. sharma . nursing research and statistics. 2 nd edition. Polit , D.F. &  Beck , C.T. (2017).  Nursing research : Generating and assessing evidence for  nursing  practice .