Research Ethical Standards and Principles

esearch Ethical Standards and Principles

1. Ethical Principles in Research

2. What is Ethics? T he process of applying moral standards and principles in any undertakings. In research- methodology or perspective in making sound and right decisions pertaining to actions to be taken, and analysis of problems and issues.

3. Research Ethics therefore are: 1. A code of guidelines on how to conduct scientific research in a morally acceptable way . 2. Principles and standards that help researchers to uphold the value and standards of knowledge construction.

4. Importance of Ethics in Research Keeps the researcher from committing misconduct while seeking knowledge and truth and respecting and protecting the rights of respondents Consideration of ethical principles also draws out public trust

5. Research Ethics Principles Honesty - intellectual honesty, transparency must be upheld in planning, execution and writing of research. Falsification and fabrication must never be a choice.

6. Research Ethics Principles Objectivity - must be free from any forms of bias. Actual and their apposite analysis and interpretation must be presented and conveyed accurately.

7. Research Ethics Principles Integrity - consistency and sincerity in the research procedures. If there are variations, it must not be totally different from those stated in the proposal

8. Research Ethics Principles Carefulness – free from careless errors and negligence. Errors must be foreseen. Good record keeping and journal making (documentation of all activities taken during all stages of investigation) must be maintained.

9. Research Ethics Principles Openness – open to constructive criticisms. Any research can still be improved.

10. Research Ethics Principles Respect for intellectual property – ideas, copyright must be acknowledged. “ Give credit to whom the credit is due”

11. Research Ethics Principles Trustworthiness – data and information of respondents is used only in the purpose of research. Confidentiality is a must.

12. Research Ethics Principles Social and legal responsibility – rules and regulations of an institution or government must be considered in conducting research.

13. Ethical Issues in Research Animal Rights and Welfare – it is not necessary to use animals in researches, but others claim that it is, in order to understand them better.

14. Ethical Issues in Research 3R’s Reduce- least number of animal subjects is recommended Refine- minimize possible pain in research methods to lessen stressful conditions of the animals. Replace- if there are possibilities of replacing animals by other materials or non-biological subjects, replacement must be done

15. Ethical Issues in Research Animal Welfare Act of 1998 or Rep. Act 8485 To protect and promote the welfare of animals in the PH. No institutions shall operate shops, vet. Clinics and hospitals for the trade , breeding, treatment and training of animals without securing a certificate of registration from BAI.

16. Ethical Issues in Research Human Rights in Research Right to Voluntary Participation- respondents should participate out of their free will

17. Ethical Issues in Research Human Rights in Research Right to informed consent- respondents should be informed of the procedures, potential risks, and benefits of the research

18. Ethical Issues in Research Human Rights in Research Coercion refers to the act of forcing an individual to participate in a research endeavor by using threats, rewards or intimidation

19. Right to be protected from harm- respondents must not be subjected to harm or inconvenience may it be physical, emotional and psychological. They must undergo debriefing after data gathering

20. Ethical Issues in Research Human Rights in Research Right to Confidentiality- all personal information must be confidential

21. Ethical Issues in Research Human Rights in Research Right to Anonymity- a respondent may choose to disclose his or her identity to anyone, including the researchers themselves. A participant could not in any way identify him/her to other participants.

22. Ethical Issues in Research Data Privacy Act of 2012 or Rep. Act 10173 Protects individual personal information and communication systems in the government National Privacy Commission

23. Scientific Misconduct Deviation from universally accepted conduct in research undertakings, resulting to scientific dishonesty.

24. Scientific Misconduct Areas of Scientific Dishonesty Fabrication and Falsification of Data- “cooking the data” alteration of data to fit them to what are expected Non-publication of Data- choosing what to include or not because they do not conform to the well-established body of knowledge

25. Scientific Misconduct Areas of Scientific Dishonesty c. Faulty data- gathering procedures- inappropriate application of treatment to the subjects and poor data recording d. Plagiarism- claiming other person’s idea, work or publication

26. TUKLAS Research Paper Format School, Division, Regional, and National Science and Technology Fair Guidebook Presented by: Marjury Bautista

27. Research Plan Written prior to experimentation Includes rationale, research questions, methodology, and risk assessment Parts of Research Plan: 1. Rationale 2. Research Question/Problem 3. Goals/Expected Outcomes/Hypotheses 4. Procedures 5. Risk and Safety 6. Data Analysis 7. Bibliography (min. 5 references, Chicago Style)

28. Project Data Logbook Organizational tool for documenting activities Contains: - Accurate notes (paragraphs/bullets) - Use of hardbound notebooks - Flowcharts/tables for data - Accurate recording of qualitative/quantitative data - Each entry dated and signed Corrections: single strike + countersign

29. Science Project: Introduction Explain background info supporting research Include review of relevant literature For continuation projects: summarize prior work Describe how the project addresses issues/concerns Explain importance and societal impact

30. Science Project: Methods Detailed explanation of what was done Data collection and how data were gathered Control group and tested variables Statistical treatment used No separate list of materials

31. Science Project: Results Include tables/figures of data Include relevant statistical analysis

32. Science Project: Discussion Interpret results Compare with theories, published data, and expectations Discuss errors/unexpected problems Explain influence of uncontrolled events

33. Science Project: Conclusions What conclusions were reached? How do results address the research question? Do findings support hypotheses? Applications of results

34. Science Project: References One-page max, most important references only Follow Chicago Manual of Style

35. Engineering Project: Introduction Identify engineering problem and goal Review what has been done before For continuation projects: summarize prior work

36. Engineering Project: Methods Describe design and building process Include photos/drawings for prototypes Testing procedures and data collection No separate list of materials

37. Engineering Project: Results How did prototype meet engineering goal? Testing data with tables/figures Statistical analysis

38. Engineering Project: Discussion Interpretation of results Compare with literature/expectations Discuss errors and solutions Prototype improvements over existing designs

39. Engineering Project: Conclusions Did the project turn out as expected? Applications of prototype

40. Math/CompSci: Introduction State research question Review what is already known For continuation projects: summarize prior work

41. Math/CompSci: Framework Define concepts, terms, and methods Explain prior/background results Include novel concepts if relevant

42. Math/CompSci: Findings Detailed description of results Methods used Proofs or sketches of main ideas Numerical/statistical data with tables/figures State significance of results

43. Math/CompSci: Conclusions Assessment of findings Address research question Discuss limitations or unexpected issues

44. Math/CompSci: References One-page max Follow Chicago Manual of Style