Research instruments

Research instruments are used to collect or gather data in a specific study.

1. Research Instruments

2. 2 - described as a device used to collect data RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

3. 1. Questionnaire 2. Interview 3. Observation 3 Types of Research Instrument

4. A series of questions designed to elicit information, which is filled in by all participants. 4 1. Questionnaire

5. Simple method of obtaining data Less time is consumed Researcher is able to gather data from a widely scattered sample. 5 Advantages of Using Questionnaire

6. responses lack depth respondents may omit or disregard any item he chooses some items maybe misunderstood length of the questionnaire is limited 6 Disadvantages of a Questionnaire

7. Closed form / Closed- ended Open form / Open- ended 7 Two forms of questionnaire

8. gives the respondents the ability to respond on their own words 8 Open-ended questions Close-ended questions allows the subject to choose one of the given alternatives

9. 9 Close Ended Questions Open Ended Questions Do you like working with us? Yes No Tell us about your experience with our organization so far. Have you been stressed lately? Yes Unsure No Share with us what has been troubling you. How satisfied are you with your current job role? Very satisfied Somewhat satisfied Somewhat unsatisfied Very unsatisfied What do you expect from this?

10. Close Ended Questions

11. Open Ended Questions

12. Clarity of language Singleness of purpose Relevant to the objective of the study Correct grammar 12 Guidelines in Using the Questionnaire

13. use simple terms define or qualify terms that could easily be misinterpret be careful in using descriptive adjectives and adverbs that have no agreed-upon meaning 13 Guidelines in Constructing the Questionnaire

14. beware of double negative underline the word if you wish to indicate special emphasis when asking for rating or comparisons a point of reference is necessary design question that will give a complete answer 14

15. this involves either structure or unstructured verbal communication between the researcher and the subject, during which information is obtained for the study 15 2. Interview

16. The purposes of interview are : - to verify information gathered from written sources - to clarify points of information - to update information and to collect data 16

17. Unstructured interview Structured interview 17 Types of Interview

18. Unstructured interview - more conversational - time consuming - flexibility in questioning the subject Structured Interview - operates with formal written instrument - questions are designed prior to the interview 18

19. depth of responses can be assured clarification is possible no items overlooked greater amount of flexibility 19 Advantages

20. time consuming prone to biases 20 Disadvantages

21. perceiving data through the senses: sight, hearing, taste touch and smell most direct way used in studying individual behavior 21 3. Observation

22. produce large quantities of data observation can be stopped or begun at any time subjects are easily available may be recorded at the time they occur, eliminating bias because of the recall 22 Advantages

23. accurate prediction of a situation to be observed is unlikely. the presence of an observer gives the subjects a quality normally absent observed events are subject to biases 23 Disadvantages

24. Reliability – the degree of consistency and accuracy with which an instrument measures a variable Validity- refers to the extent to which an instrument measures what it is designed to measure. 24 Criteria for Measuring Research Instruments

25. 1. Self evident me asures- refers to the fact that the instrument appears what it is supposed to measure 2. Pragmatic measures- the procedure essentially tests the practical value of a particular research instrument 25 Testing V alidity of Data Collection

26. Face Validity refers to the degree to which an assessment or test subjectively appears to measure the variable or construct that it is supposed to measure. the researcher verifies face validity by asking experts to evaluate the instrument’s intent. 26 Self-evident me asures Content Validity - relies on the assurance that you can demonstrate an adequate coverage of the study - The researcher typically verifies this by asking experts to evaluate the instrument’s representativeness of the content.

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28. - Concurrent validity Predictive validity Construct validity 28 Pragmatic Measures

29. refers to the extent to which an instrument can accurately identify subjects that differ with respect to a given characteristics Ex: a measure of job satisfaction might be correlated with work performance 29 Concurrent validity

30. to predict future occurrence The researcher commonly validates this by using the instrument then comparing the result with some future outcomes. 30 Predictive validity

31. useful mainly for measuring the traits or feelings such as generosity, grief or satisfaction related to the theoretical ideas behind the personality trait under consideration 31 Construct validity

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