RESEARCH LEC #13 nn.pptxfor posr en bsn students

RESEARCH LEC #13 nn.pptxfor posr en bsn

1. NURSING RESEARCH LEC#13 SNOBIA MANZOOR POST(RN),MPH

2. OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lecture students will be able to learn: Define hypothesis Elaborate the types of hypothesis Explain importance of hypothesis 2 PREPARED BY SNOBIA MANZOOR

3. HYPOTHESIS: “It is a formal statement of expected relationship among variables .” Or “A hypothesis is a prediction about the relationship between two or more variables.” 3 PREPARED BY SNOBIA MANZOOR

4. 1. DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS: “ A Directional hypothesis is one that specifies not only the existence but the give expected direction between variables.” The word positive , negative , less , more , increase and decrease in hypothesis indicates a Directional hypothesis. Eg , Emotional intelligence has positive effect on leadership style Or Younger patients tend to be less at risk of a fall than older patients. 4 PREPARED BY SNOBIA MANZOOR

5. 2.Non-Directional: It states the relationship exist but does not specify the direction of relationship. Eg , Emotional intelligence has effect on leadership style Or There is a relationship between the age of a patient and the risk of falling. 5 PREPARED BY SNOBIA MANZOOR

6. - 3.Simple hypothesis : hypothesis that states an expected relationship between one dependent and one independent variable is called simple hypothesis. Eg : the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy might lead to lower birth weights 6 PREPARED BY SNOBIA MANZOOR

7. 4.Complex hypothesis. It is hypothesis in which prediction of relationship between two or more independent variables and two or more dependent variables. Eg , An example might be a hypothesis that smoking and the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy might lead to lower birth weights and lower Apgar scores in infants 7 PREPARED BY SNOBIA MANZOOR

8. 5.Associative hypothesis: .An associative hypothesis proposes relationships among variables that occur or exist together in the real world, so that when one variable changes, the other changes (Reynolds, 2007 ). Associative hypotheses identify relationships among variables in a study but do not indicate that one variable causes an effect on another variable Examp [e : They hypothesized that “higher levels of PSC [patient safety climate] would be associated with less frequent nurse-reported adverse events (medication errors, patient falls, pressure ulcers, and healthcare-associated infections) and higher patient satisfaction” 8 PREPARED BY SNOBIA MANZOOR

9. 6.Causal hypothesis: A causal hypothesis proposes a cause and effect interaction between two or more variables, referred to as independent and dependent variables. The independent variable (treatment or experimental variable) is manipulated by the researcher to cause an effect on the dependent or outcome variable. The researcher then measures the dependent variable to examine the effect created by the independent variable E xample: The counseling and exercise intervention (independent variable) was proposed to cause a decrease in tobacco consumption (dependent variable) in patients with schizophrenia. 9 PREPARED BY SNOBIA MANZOOR

10. 7.Null hypothesis: it is hypothesis state absence of relationship such as no association between variables called Null hypothesis. It is denoted by Ho Eg , there is no association between gender and watching TV serial Or \“Patients’ age is unrelated to their risk of falling” 10 PREPARED BY SNOBIA MANZOOR

11. 8 . Research hypotheses Research hypotheses (also referred to as substantive, declarative, or scientific hypotheses) are statements of expected relationships between variables. All the hypotheses presented thus far are research hypotheses that indicate researchers’ actual expectations. A research hypothesis is also called alternative hypothesis and states that there is relationship between variables.It is denoted by H1 Example:  "There is a relationship between coffee consumption and heart rate."  Example:  "Students who use a new learning program will perform better on standardized tests than those who do not." 11 PREPARED BY SNOBIA MANZOOR

12. Importance of hypothesis: It provide framework for the research study Research is aimless without hypothesis It provide direction to study It explain relationship between variables. 12 PREPARED BY SNOBIA MANZOOR

13. REFRENCES: Burns, N. & Groves, S.K.(2007). understanding nursing research.(4 th ed.). Philadelphia: W .B. Saunders. Polit ,D .F .& Beck, C.T.(2006).Essential of nursing research: Methods ,appraisal, & utilization.(6 th ed.).Philadelphia: Lippincott 13 PREPARED BY SNOBIA MANZOOR