Research lesson powerpoint presentation.pptx

Research

1. Introduction Inquiry and Research are two terms that are almost the same in meaning. Both involve investigative work in which you seek information about something by searching or examining the object of your search. Inquiry is to look for information by asking various questions about the thing you are curious about. Research is to discover truths by investigating on your chosen topic scientifically; meaning, by going through a systematic way of doing things wherein you are to begin from the simplest to the most complex modes or patterns of thinking.

2. Activity 1: Making Words Meaningful Directions: Complete the bubble graph or concept map by writing words associated with the middle word. Be guided by the clues in the sentences below each graph.

3. Activity 3: What is Research? A. Read the following sentences. Put check on the before the number if you think that the sentence is a description of research. Put a cross if you think that it is not.  ____1. Research must be hurriedly conducted. ____2. There should be enough data before conducting research. ____3. Research must observe a step-by-step process. ____4. The researcher must have the final say in his or her findings. ____5. A persons’ opinion is acceptable and considered as an answer to the questions asked by the researcher. ____6. Any concern or issue confronted by the students is researchable. ____7. The causes why students fail in quizzes are worth researching. ____8. The student-researcher must read literature related to the problem he or she is studying. ____9. The researcher must avoid listening to another researcher to have an objective view of his or her study. ___10. The steps in conducting research are patterned.

4. B. Encircle the words in the box that are related to the definition of research. C. Using all the sentences you checked in Activity A and the encircled words in Activity B, formulate a good and acceptable definition of research. Investigation subjective biases literature theories System phenomena intuition guessing factual Opinions experiences discovery dreams data Interview teleserye instrument productivity validate

5. DOING A RESEARCH IN COLLEGE In college, you involve yourself in varied school activities such as academic contests, sports fests, elocution contest, music festivals, college week celebrations, art exhibits, research work, debate competitions, and many more. All of these activities are aimed to let you develop a well-rounded personality. But one or two of them gave emphasis in honing a particular ability (e.g., making you excel in mathematics, science, arts, music, and many more).

6. One school activity that every college student has to excel in is research. This is a hallmark of a university or college education. Your research abilities reflect the quality of your school. If you graduate from a school with superb knowledge of research work, you can tell yourself that, “I am a product of a quality college or university.” Hence, the greatness of a higher education institution depends on how knowledgeable its faculty and students are about the ins and outs of research; more so, on the application of this to their everyday life for the progress of the whole world.

7. What is research? A number of books on research define this term in many ways, but such varied definitions boil down to the primary meaning of this word, which is: Research is a process of executing various mental acts for discovering and examining facts and information to prove the accuracy or truthfulness of your claims or conclusions about the topic of your research . Research requires you to inquire or investigate about your chosen research topic by asking questions that will make you engage yourself in top-level thinking strategies of interpreting, analyzing, synthesizing, criticizing, appreciating, or creating to enable you to discover truths about the many things you tend to wonder about the topic of your research work. ( Litchman 2013)

8. Research is analogous to inquiry, in that, both involve investigation of something through questioning. However, the meaning of research is more complicated than inquiry because it does not center mainly on raising questions about the topic, but also on carrying out a particular order of research stages. Each stage of the research process is not an individual task because the knowledge you obtain through each stage comes not only from yourself but other people as well.

9. Thus , similar to inquiry, research involves cooperative learning. Central to research is your way of discovering new knowledge, applying knowledge in various ways as well as seeing relationships of ideas, events, and situations. Research then puts you in a context where a problem exists. You have to collect facts or information, study such data, and come up with a solution to the problem based on the results of your analysis. It is a process requiring you to work logically or systematically and collaboratively with others. To sum up your concepts about the nature of research, the following will give you the characteristics, purposes, classification, types of, and approaches to research. ( Badke 2012; Silverman 2013; De Mey 2013)

10. Assignment: Formulate a good and acceptable definition of research. Investigation subjective biases literature theories System phenomena intuition guessing factual Opinions experiences discovery dreams data Interview teleserye instrument productivity validate

11. Definition of Research Over the years, many experts have given their own definition of the word “research”. Different perspectives on the subject have been resulted in the following definitions: 1. Research follows a step-by-step process of investigation that uses a standardized approach in answering questions or solving problems ( Polit & Beck, 2004) 2. Research plays an important role in tertiary education. Though there are many problems confronted by higher education, developments are realized through research. After all, its main purpose is to answer a question or to solve an issue ( Palispis , 2004).

12. 3. Research is a continuous undertaking of making known the unknown (Sanchez, 2002). It entails an investigation of new facts leading to the discovery of new ideas, methods, or improvements. It is an attempt to widen one’s outlook in life. It always proceeds from the known to unknown. Thus, the end of research is to arrive at a new truth. 4. Research is an investigation following ordered steps leading to a discovery of new information or concepts. (Sanchez, 1999).

13. 5. Research is a very careful investigation of something that purports the contribution of additional or new knowledge and wisdom ( Bassey , as cited by Coleman & Briggs, 2002) 6. Research is a tested approach of thinking and employing validated instruments and steps in order to obtain a more adequate solution to a problem that is otherwise impossible to address under ordinary means. (Crawford, as cited by Alcantara & Espina , 1995.)

14. INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH “Research is a high-hat word that scares a lot of people. It needn’t. It is rather simple. Essentially, it is nothing but a state of mind-a friendly, welcoming attitude towards change. Going out to look for change, instead of waiting for it to come. Research for practical men, is an effort to do things better and not be caught asleep at a switch. The research state of mind can apply to anything. Personal affairs or any kind of business, big or little. It is the problem-solving mind as contrasted with the let-well-enough mind. It is the composer mind , instead of a fiddler mind; it is the “tomorrow” mind , instead of “yesterday mind” ___C. F. Kettering

15. Characteristics of Research 1. Accuracy It must give correct or accurate data, which the footnotes, notes, and bibliographical entries should honestly and appropriately documented or acknowledged. 2. Objectiveness It must deal with facts, not with mere opinions arising from assumptions, generalizations, predictions, or conclusions. 3. Timeliness. It must work on a topic that is fresh, new, and interesting to the present society.

16. 4. Relevance Its topic must be instrumental in improving society or in solving problems affecting the lives of people in a community. 5. Clarity It must succeed in expressing its central point or discoveries by using simple, direct, concise, and correct language. 6. Systematic . It must take place in an organized or orderly manner.

17. Purposes of Research 1. To learn how to work independently 2. To learn how to work scientifically or systematically 3. To have an in-depth knowledge of something 4. To elevate your mental abilities by letting you think in higher-order thinking strategies (HOTS) of inferring, evaluating, synthesizing, appreciating, applying, and creating

18. 5. To improve your reading and writing skills 6. To be familiar with the basic tools of research and the various techniques of gathering data and of presenting research findings. 7. To free yourself, to a certain extent, from the domination or strong influence of a single textbook or of the professor’s lone viewpoint or spoon feeding.

19. The Role of Research in Improving Our Quality of Life The connection between research and the improvement of man’s welfare is illustrated in the diagram below. NEW KNOWLEDGE NEW SKILLS/PRACTICES/ BEHAVIORS RESEARCH NEW TECHNOLOGY NEW TOOLS/ DEVICES/ APPROACHES IMPROVED CONDITION/ WELFARE

20. Types of Research 1 . Based on Application of Research Method Pure research Applied research 2. Based on Purpose of the Research Descriptive Correlational, Explanatory Exploratory Action 3. Based on Types of Data Needed Quantitative research Qualitative research

21. General Types of Research Research can be classified into three general categories: Descriptive , Correlational or Association Research and Experimental or Intervention Research ( Fraenkel and Wallen , 1996).

22. Based on Application of Research Method Is the research applied to theoretical or practical issues? If it deals with concepts, principles, or abstract things, it is a pure research . This type of research aims to increase your knowledge about something. However, if your intention is to apply your chosen research to societal problems or issues, finding ways to make positive changes in society, you call your research, applied research .

23. Based on Purpose of the Research Depending on your objective or goal in conducting research, you do any of these types of research: descriptive, correlational, explanatory, exploratory, or action. 1. Descriptive Research – This type of research aims at defining or giving a verbal portrayal or picture of a person, thing, event, group, situation, etc. This is liable to repeated research because its topic relates itself only to a certain period or a limited number of years. Based on the results of your descriptive studies about a subject, you develop the inclination of conducting further studies on such topic.

24. The descriptive type of study finds answer to the questions “ who, what, when, where and how ”. This type of research describes a situation or a given state of affairs in terms of specified aspects or factor. Examples of research topics in specific areas fall under the descriptive type “The management style of school administrators in Iloilo City” “Tardiness and absenteeism among high school students” “Smoking habits of health service providers in government and private hospitals” A typical office day of a government employee: a time allocation study”

25. 2. Correlational Research A correlational research shows relationships or connectedness of two factors, circumstances, or agents called variables that affect the research. It is only concerned in indicating the existence of a relationship, not the causes and ways of the development of such relationship. Examples of research topics fall under the correlation category “Relationship Between Socioeconomic Factors and Absenteeism Among High School Students in District Jaro ”

26. 3. Explanatory Research This type of research elaborates or explains not just the reasons behind the relationship of two factors, but also the ways by which such relationship exists.

27. 4. Exploratory Research – An exploratory research’s purpose is to find out how reasonable or possible it is to conduct a research study on a certain topic. Here, you will discover ideas on topics that could trigger your interest in conducting research studies. 5. Action Research This type of research studies an ongoing practice of a school, organization, community, or institution for the purpose of obtaining results that will bring improvements in the system.

28. Based on Types of Data Needed The kind of data you want to work on reflects whether you wish to do a quantitative or a qualitative research. Qualitative research requires non-numerical data, which means that the research uses words rather than numbers to express the results, the inquiry, or investigation about people’s thoughts, beliefs, feelings, views, and lifestyles regarding the object of the study. These opinionated answers from people are not measurable; so, verbal language is the right way to express your findings in a qualitative research.

29. Quantitative research involves measurement of data. Thus, it presents research findings referring to the number or frequency of something in numerical forms (i.e., using percentages, fractions, numbers). The data you deal with in research are either primary or secondary data. Primary data are obtained through direct observation or contact with people, objects, artifacts , paintings, etc. Primary data are new and original information resulting from your sensory experience. However, if such data have already been written about or reported on and are available for reading purposes, they exist as secondary data.

30. Approaches to Research After choosing your topic for research, what is your next move? In other words, how are you going to approach or begin your research, deal with your data, and establish a connection among all things or activities involved in your research? 1. The scientific or positive approach , in which you discover and measure information as well as observe and control variables in an impersonal manner. It allows control of variables. Therefore, the data gathering techniques appropriate for this approach are structured interviews, questionnaires, and observational checklists. Data given by these techniques are expressed through numbers, which means that this method is suitable for quantitative research.

31. 2. Naturalistic Approach . In contrast to the scientific approach that uses numbers to express data, the naturalistic approach uses words. This research approach directs you to deal with qualitative data that speak of how people behave toward their surroundings. These are non-numerical data that express truths about the way people perceive or understand the world. Since people look at their world in a subjective or personal basis in an uncontrolled or unstructured manner, a naturalistic approach happens in a natural setting.

32. Is it possible to plan your research activities based on these two approaches? Combining these two approaches in designing your research leads you to the third one, called 3. triangulation approach . In this case, you are free to gather and analyze data using multiple methods, allowing you to combine or mix up research approaches, research types, data gathering, and data analysis techniques. Triangulation approach gives you the opportunity to view every angle of the research from different perspectives. ( Badke 2012; Silverman 2013)