research m & s writing Handout.pptx

Red wine and white wine processing technology and spirit manufacturing

1. Research in a common parlance refers to a search for knowledge . One can also define research as a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on specific topic . In fact, research is an art of scientific investigation . The advanced learners dictionary of English lays down the meaning of research as ‘ a carful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge” . Redman and Mory defines research as systematized effort to gain a new knowledge. Introduction 1

2. Some people consider research as a movement , movement from the known to unknown. It is actually a voyage of discovery. So, we all possess the vital instinct of inquisitiveness for, when the known confronts us, we wonder and our inquisitiveness makes as a probe attain full and fuller understanding of the known. This inquisitiveness is the mother of all knowledge and the method, when man employs for obtaining the knowledge of whatever the unknown , can be termed as research. It is academic activity in a technical sense. 2

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4. “ As definition of Clifford Woody’s ‘‘ Research is defining and redefining problems , formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions , collecting, organizing and evaluating data ; making deductions and reaching conclusions and at least carefully testing the conclusions to determine weather they fit formulating hypothesis”. Research is the manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to extend, correct or verify knowledge. Research is thus, an original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge making for its advancement . In a short term research is finding solution for a problem. 4

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6. Motivation in research What makes peoples to undertake research ? This is a question of fundamental importance motives for doing research are as follow; Desire to get research degree along with its consequential benefits. Desire to face the challenge in solving un solved problems. Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work Desire to be of service to society. Desire to get respectability. For directives of government, employment conditions, curiosity about new things. Desire to understand causal relationships, social thinking and awaking and for other research operations and the like. 7

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13. Decision oriented research always for the need of decision maker and the researcher are not free to embark upon research according to his own inclinations. Operational research is an example of this type, since it is a scientific method of providing executive departments with quantitative basis for decisions regarding operation under their control. 14

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15. Assigm 1 (10 %). Write one page only. Don’t copy instead write your own understanding. 1. Differentiate between research paper and simple paper ? 2. Explain and give examples for Inferential, experimental and simulation approach to scientific writing ? 3. Descriptive research design answers who, what, why and how questions”. Discuss briefly how this are gone ?

16. Deductive Vs Inductive approach Deductive :- research moves from general ideas/theories to specific particular & situations: the particular is deduced from the general, e.g. broad theories. Inductive:- research moves from particular situations to make or infer broad general ideas/theories.

17. Significance of research Research needs to test the validity of hypothesis / ses or theory/ ies . Research needs to bring conclusions, generalizations and policy implications for an issue or phenomena. Research needs to find out the gaps of knowledge in a subject area. Contribute to the advancement of knowledge or bridge knowledge gaps. Helps in making policy decisions. Help solving problems that affects people as well as organizations. Provide a basis for prediction or forecasting of events and to take proactive decisions.

18. Significance of research (a) To those students who are to write a master’s or Ph.D. thesis, research may mean a careerism or a way to attain a high position. (b) To professionals in research methodology, research may mean a source of livelihood; (c) To philosophers and thinkers, research may mean the outlet for new ideas and insights; (d) To literary men and women, research may mean the development of new styles and creative work;

19. (e) To analysts and intellectuals, research may mean the generalisations of new theories. Research is the fountain of knowledge for the sake of knowledge and an important source of providing guidelines for solving different business, governmental and social problems. It is a sort of formal training which enables one to understand the new developments in one’s field in a better way

20. Distinction between research and report A Research is an evaluative, analytical and critically investigative inquiry. A Report is a compiled information without evaluating, analyzing and interpreting it. Most reports simply record a series of facts or incidences that have found or happened as they are.

21. Research methodology as a theory of how an inquiry should proceed. It involves analysis of the assumptions, principles and procedures in a particular approach to inquiry. According to Schwardt et al., 2007), methodologies explicate and define the kinds of problems that are worth investigating; what constitutes a researchable problem; testable hypotheses; how to frame a problem in such a way that it can be investigated using particular designs and procedures; and how to select and develop appropriate means of collecting data

22. Cont… Some writers use the words of Methods and Methodology interchangeably . Methodology refers to the overall approach to the research process– from the theoretical underpinning to the collection and analysis of data. Methods refer only to the various means by which data can be collected and/or analysed . Techniques refer the analytical tools or measures which apply to analyse data.

23. IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY To explore and analyse more general issues To test hypothesis ( ses ) or theory ( ies ). To construct or create a new procedure or system. To generate new knowledge. To explain a new phenomenon. A combination of any of the above

24. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH Solution Oriented, Logical, Impartiality and Empirical Clear problem focus and Objective and unbiased presentation of research findings Addresses knowledge gaps, Accuracy, Systematic and Verifiability Methodologically sound- appropriate methods are adopted in data collection and analysis .

25. Methodological limitations are identified and an attempt is made to overcome. Due acknowledgement is given to other’s work Well organized and clear presentation of data as well as ideas Clarity and consistency are maintained through out the research Offer adequate explanation of phenomena or issues Validity and reliability of the findings are established Findings are treated as tentative

26. Problems Encountered by Researchers Research plays a vital role in the development of a country or business organization. The developed countries are developed because they have strong research support system. In India the state of research was not very good before independence. The government realized the importance of research in framing the policies for the development of the country later on. In the modern times the business organizations have realized the importance of research in last three to four decades only. A developing country is striving hard to achieve higher levels of research. But , Researchers face several problems are listed below.

27. 1. Lack of skilled researchers: Research is a scientific and systematic investigation into a problem. In India there is scarcity of competent researchers due to the lack of scientific training in research methodology. 2. Lack of code of conduct The researcher in India does not have a well-defined code of conduct. They do not have ethical or moral guidelines for becoming good researcher. Therefore, they often face non-co-operation in team members. There is a clean need of proper distribution of work, assignment of responsibility and answerability and a well-defined code of conduct for researchers in India.

28. 3. Insufficient interaction There is a wide gap between university research departments, other research institutions, and the policy-making bodies. This leads to the confusion for research workers what data are to be collected and analysis to be performed. The policy maker should provide a well-defined problem and a guideline of the data to be collected, to the researchers. There should be regular meetings of the decision makers and the field researchers.

29. 4. Overlapping research studies: Due to the lack of proper information and inter-departmental interaction many times there is a duplication of research studies. Some time two or more research studies overlap one another leading to confusion and misleading results. 5. Lack of confidence Lack of confidence in research organizations and its people. Business organizations are reluctant to provide information about their companies for it may be misused. In the surveys of individuals common public is secretive in providing personal information.

30. 6. Lack of funds and facilities: In a developing country like India research is kept at a last priority where as for fast and organized development research should be first priority. Researcher face the difficulties of lack of funds, secretarial assistance, trained staff and computational facilities. Efforts should be made to provide and meet the requirements of research studies by the government agencies as well as business enterprises. 7. Lack of literature: The management of published data is quite poor in libraries and other official sources. The researcher has to spend unnecessarily a lot of time in tracing books, journals and reports relevant to his study.

31. The Scientific Paper A well-written scientific paper explains the scientist's motivation for doing an experiment, the experimental design and execution, and the meaning of the results . Scientific papers are written in a style that is exceedingly clear and concise . Their purpose is to inform an audience of other scientists about an important issue and to document the particular approach they used to investigate that issue. Please do not think that good English is not critical in science writing. In fact, scientists try to be so concise that their English should be better than that of workers in other disciplines ! If English is not your first language, then proofreading by a native-speaker might be helpful. If you have read scientific papers, you will have noticed that a standard format is frequently used . This format allows a researcher to present information clearly and concisely.

32. Types of title that can be used for scientific papers Indicative titles indicate the subject matter of a paper but give no indication of any results obtained or conclusions drawn e.g. The effectiveness of bed nets in controlling mosquitoes at different seasons of the year. Informative titles give an indication of results achieved and conclusions drawn as well as the subject matter of the paper e.g. Bed nets control mosquitoes most effectively when used in the rainy season. Question-type titles This type of title obviously asks a question. e.g. When are bed nets most effective when used to control mosquitoes? Main-subtitle (series) type This approach is not liked by editors of scientific journals because if they accept the first paper they will be duty bound to accept sequels. e.g. The effect of bed nets on mosquitoes: 1.Their effectiveness when used only in the rainy season.

33. A brief synopsis of writing an abstract It ’ s a minipaper : Introduction (usually 1-2 sentences) Methods (often longest part) Results Discussion is limited to concluding statement Like a paper, requires many drafts, most oriented to presenting argument concisely

34. Getting the Reviews of Your Paper “ The reviewer is always right. ” (whether they are or not!) Don ’ t respond quickly. Digest reviews. .

35. If your paper was rejected… Was it sent out for review? If not, consider changing type of journal If reviews don ’ t suggest changes, send it out quickly to another journal The 3 journal rule.