Research methodology Introduction PDF.pptx

research methodology definition, purpose, research objectives, classification of research, research process steps.

1. Research methodology By Suad Zuhair B. Pharm, M. Pharm.  Clin .  Pharmacol .

2. Meaning of Research Word ‘Research’ is comprises of two words = Re+Search . ‘Re ’ means again and again and ‘Search’ means to find out something. So research is a process of which a person observes the phenomena again and again and collects the data and on the basis of data he draws some conclusions .

3. Definitions of Research “ Research is an endeavor / attempt to discover, develop and verify knowledge. It is an intellectual process that has developed over hundreds of years ever changing in purpose and form and always researching to truth. ” “ Research is a systematic effort to gain new knowledge .”

4. Purpose of Research The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application of scientific procedure. [so each research study has its own specific purpose]

5. general objectives of research: 1. Theoretical objective formulate new theories , principles or laws . These researches contribute some basic knowledge to the human knowledge. [ Explanatory ] 2. Factual objective find out new facts . These researches describe facts or events which happened previously. [ descriptive ] 3. Application objective does not contribute a new knowledge in the fund of human knowledge but suggests new applications . [ improvement and modification in practice ]

6. Characteristics of Research Research (is): directed toward the solution of a problem. requires expertise . emphasizes the development of generalizations , principles , or theories that will be helpful in predicting future occurrences. based upon observable experience or empirical evidences .

7. (v) An exact systematic and accurate investigation . (vi) gather new data from primary or first-hand sources or using existing data for a new purpose. (vii) A carefully designed procedures that apply rigorous analysis . (viii) involves the quest for answers to un-solved problems. (ix) objective and logical (applying every possible test to validate the procedures employed the data collected and the conclusions reached). (x) A patient and unhurried activity. (xi) carefully recorded and reported . (xii) The researcher eliminates personal feelings and preferences.

8. Some specific characteristics of research: based on insight and imagination. requires an inter-disciplinary approach usually employs deductive reasoning process should come out of a desire to do things better based on the subjectivity and intangibility of social phenomena sometimes incapable of being dealt through empirical method based on inter dependence of causes and effect should not be a mechanical process

9. Classification of Research (a) On the basis of nature of information: ( i ) Qualitative Research: When information is in the form of qualitative data. (ii) Quantitative Research: When information is in the form of quantitative data. (b) On the basis of objective: (I) Basic/ Fundamental Research: new knowledge in the form of new theory and facts. (Ii) Applied/ action Research: new application for practical problems.

10. (C) On the basis of approach of research: ( i ) Longitudinal Research: data is collected repeatedly over time. Examples of this category are historical, Case study and Genetic research. (ii) Cross-Sectional Research: data is collected at one point in time. Examples of this category are Experimental and Survey Research. (D) On the basis of method of research : (I) Philosophical Research: It is purely qualitative in nature and we are focusing on the vision of others on the content of research. (ii) Historical Research: It is both qualitative as well as quantitative in nature and deals with past events. (iii) Survey Research: It deals with present events and is quantitative in nature. (iv) Experimental Research: This is purely quantitative in nature and deals with future events. (v) Case-Study Research: It deals with unusual events. It may be qualitative as well as quantitative in nature depending upon the content.

11. e. On the Basis of Precision (accuracy) in Research Findings; on the basis of interference with variables i. Experimental research ii. Observational research (non-experimental) (Experimental research is precise and gives the strongest relationship between the cause and effect, while non-experimental is not precise) f. On the Basis of Nature of Findings i. Explanatory(or analytical) research : Such researches explain more concerned theories. laws and principles. ii. Descriptive research : These are more concerned with facts

12. The research process A series of actions or steps necessary to effectively carry out research.

13. Formulating the research problem Extensive literature survey Developing the research hypothesis Preparing the research design Determining the research design Collecting the research data 7) Execution of the project 8) Analysis of data 9) Hypothesis testing 10) Generalization and interpretation 11) Preparing of the report or presentation of the result

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