Research Methods FIVE(1).pptx which deals

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1. Research Methods in Public Administration Course Code: PADM3091 Cr. Hrs.: 3 ECTS:5

2. 2.2 Preparing a research proposal A research proposal is an overall plan of your planned research is a kind of sample/ roadmap of your full-scale research. informs your supervisors / an organization about the entire research process you plan to undertake

3. A proposal enables corrections and changes before investing your time and resources on the actual study. What happens if, after you completed your study, your supervisor found out that the research problem, data collection instruments, or the analysis was faulty?

4. A research proposal serves two key functions: it guides you through the research process, starting from the research problem to the research report. I.e., it is an outline of your intended research it serves as a document to evaluate the appropriateness of your planned research details (e.g., research problem, objective, data collection methods, analysis...)

5. A research proposal should answer three questions: 1. what are you planning to research? (the research problem) 2. how are you planning to address the research problem? (methods) 3. why did you select the proposed methods? (justification and evidence)

6. Contents of a research proposal Most of the elements of a proposal are commonly required across contexts. However, different universities or supervisors may require different contents or styles of research proposals.

7. For example, Some institutions may require both research objectives and research questions. Others may require just research questions. And others may prefer just research objectives.

8. Common elements of a proposal 1. Introduction and literature review 2. Statement of the problem 3. Significance of the study 4. Objectives/ research question, or both 5. Research design and methods 6. Ethical issues 7. Delimitations and expected limitations 8. References 9. Proposed time frame

9. 1. Introduction and literature review A proposal usually starts with an introduction. The introduction section, introduces the entire proposal. show how your proposed research relates to previous research. Try to write a convincing introduction to motivate readers to keep reading the whole proposal.

10. Introduce your research area by starting from the broad subject area and gradually narrowing to your specific research focus. To place your study within the related literature, you need to include a brief discussion of the literature and the gap you intend to address.

11. The literature review, informs readers of the results of studies related to your intended research. indicates the gaps that require your study. can be part of the introduction or a separate section

12. Including a discussion of recent studies and gaps in the literature show that you are familiar with the subject area you intend to study.

13. Together, the introduction and literature review, should tell: how much is already known about a problem the gap in the current knowledge what new knowledge will your research adds why your research is worth conducting

14. 2. Statement of the problem aka problem statement A research problem could be a knowledge gap, or a practice related issue that necessitated your study. Clearly stating the research is crucial to indicate the need for your proposed research.

15. The problem, is briefly mentioned/introduced in the introduction is further discussed in the statement of the problem section is explained the context of the literature and practice

16. 3. Significance of the study Tell your readers what the benefits of your intended study will be. Indicate the potential contributions of your study to theory (the gap in the literature your research addresses) and to society.

17. 3. Significance of the study Indicate which stakeholders/ institutions could benefit from your findings. Reflect on the potential of your findings as possible inputs to policy at different levels of administration.

18. 4. Objectives/ research questions, or both Clearly indicate main purpose of your study - the objectives you plan to achieve, and the research questions you intend to answer “The purpose of this study is . . .” “This study is intended to answer ...”

19. 5. Research design and methods This part includes sampling, data collection instruments, data collection, data analysis... This section should clearly explain how the research problem is planned to be addressed

20. Sampling If you use sampling, indicate the sample size, what sampling methods you plan to use, and why. If you use census, indicate why. Details of sampling related topics will be discussed in subsequent chapters.

21. Data collection instruments Indicate the instruments you plan to use for data collection (surveys, interview guides, observation guides). Indicate how you will prepare the instruments. E.g., by using the research problem, the objective/research question, and theoretical foundation as starting points.

22. Data collection Inform your readers about how you plan to collect the data. For instance, you should tell readers about how you are going to distribute your questionnaire items. Or, how you plan to conduct interviews.

23. Data analysis Tell your readers about the data analysis types you plan to use and why. Indicate whether you will analyze the data manually or use computer programs Justify all your decisions.

24. 6. Ethical issues Follow the guidelines to ethical research Obtain informed consent Keep anonymity and confidentiality Protect your participants against any harm Be honest – use intext citation and reference list and avoid plagiarism

25. 7. Delimitation and expected limitations A delimitation is restriction of the scope of your study. Delimitation helps you to specify your research focus and adequately address a specific and manageable search gap.

26. You may include, geographic delimitation – what geographic area does your study include? time delimitation – what time period is your search going to cover? subject matter delimitation – what subject mater is your study going to (and not going to) cover?

27. You may include, population delimitation – which units (e.g. groups of people) is the population of your study? literature delimitation – what literature are you going (not going) to review?

28. Expected limitations At a proposal stage, you are not sure about the actual challenges / limitations you may face. However, you could indicate what limitations/ challenges you expect....

29. 8. References Use in text citations and a reference list. There are hundreds of citation styles. Consult your supervisor which citation style you should use.

30. 9. Proposed time frame

31. The lecture notes were compiled from the following sources: Kumar, R. (2011) Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners. 3rd Edition. Sage, New Delhi. Retrieved on March 10, 2022, from https://corladancash.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Research-Methodology-Ranjit-Kumar.pdf Pajares, F. (2007).  Elements of a proposal . Retrieved on April 19, 2022, from http://des.emory.edu/mfp/proposal.html https://www.formpl.us/blog/basic-research https://www.iedunote.com/research-process https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/research-design/ https://gradcoach.com/dissertation-course/