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mic and Social Objectives
• Economic Factors: The selection of affordable land and the use of cost-effective materials are crucial. In India, where land prices can be prohibitive, identifying strategic locations for group housing that are both affordable and accessible is key.
• Social Integration: Incremental housing should foster community interaction and cultural sharing. In India, where community and social cohesion are vital, designing group housing that promotes social interaction can lead to more vibrant and harmonious living environments.
4. Challenges and Solutions
• Challenges Identified: The paper discusses the challenges of high construction costs and the need for financial support from the government or NGOs. In India, similar challenges exist, particularly in urban areas with high real estate prices.
• Proposed Solutions: The research suggests that with governmental or NGO support, incremental housing can become a sustainable solution. This could translate into policy recommendations for India, advocating for subsidies, financial incentives, or public-private partnerships to make incremental housing more accessible.
5. Design and Prototyping
• Prototyping in Design: The use of different prototypes in the research allows for the exploration of various design possibilities, which can be adapted to Indian conditions. Prototyping can help identify the most efficient and culturally appropriate designs for group housing in different regions of India.
• Adaptation for India: Prototypes should consider local climatic conditions, cultural preferences, and available materials. For instance, using traditional Indian architectural elements or materials can make the housing more acceptable to the target population.
6. Strategic Planning and Implementation
• Strategic Thinking: The research emphasizes the importance of strategic thinking in planning construction projects, considering social, economic, and physical aspects. For India, this means developing a clear strategy that integrates government policies, community needs, and sustainable practices.
• Implementation Framework: The Indian context requires a framework that ensures participation from various stakeholders, including government bodies, private developers, and local communities, to effectively implement incremental housing strategies.
7. Case Study Insights
• Relevance of Kathmandu Valley: The case study of the Kathmandu Valley offers insights into how incremental housing can be adapted to high-density urban areas. Although the context differs, the underlying principles can be applied to densely populated Indian cities facing similar challenges.
• Applicability to Indian Cities: Indian cities with similar challenges—such as rapid urbanization, high population density, and limited affordable housing—can benefit from the lessons learned in the Kathmandu Valley case study.
8. Conclusion and Implications for India
• Conclusion: The research concludes that incremental housing can be a sol

1. Topic- strategizing for the concept of incremental design in group housing in Indian context By- Aditi Gupta

2. S.No . Type of source Title of the article/book chapter Name of the book/journal/website/document Author Publisher Year of publication Relevant extracts from the source ISBN No./ Weblink CITATION REMARKS 1. Article Incremental housing strategies as an alternative to the poisonous gift of free housing Gerhard Kienast1 1962 For over two decades, South Africa has provided state-subsidized 'starter houses' to poor households, creating the illusion of 'no cost housing.' Despite these efforts, precarious housing conditions persist, with millions living in degraded environments awaiting complete housing packages. Economic challenges and legal constraints halted efforts to eradicate shacks, leading the government to adopt ambitious targets for upgrading informal settlements. Official statistics suggest incremental improvements, but local research reveals confusion and mislabeling of efforts. https://ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/conference-websites-dam/no-cost-housing-dam/documents/Kienast_Paper.pdf In Buffalo City, acclaimed formalization efforts are merely roll-over upgrades with single-occupancy homes, an approach inadequate to address housing problems due to fiscal, capacity, and land limitations. The National Upgrading Support Programme has proposed alternative strategies for regularization, recognizing tenure rights and incrementally providing services. A draft policy for Buffalo City aims to bring basic development to all informal settlements within a decade, though significant resource redistribution has yet to occur.

3. S.No. Type of source Title of the article/book chapter Name of the book/journal/website/document Author Publisher Year of publication Relevant extracts from the source ISBN No./ Weblink CITATION REMARKS 2. Article Incremental construction: A strategy to facilitate access to housing Environment and Urbanization Margarita Greene and Eduardo Rojas SAGE PUBLICATIONS 2008 The research paper critiques the "enabling" approach to housing markets, which relies on family savings, public subsidies, and mortgage loans to enhance housing production. This method often fails to support lower-income households, who lack sufficient savings or mortgage capacity and thus resort to informal housing solutions like illegal land purchases or squatting. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250061491_Incremental_construction_A_strategy_to_facilitate_access_to_housing CITATION-Greene, Margarita & Rojas, Eduardo. (2008). Incremental construction: A strategy to facilitate access to housing. Environment and Urbanization - ENVIRON URBAN. 20. 89-108. 10.1177/0956247808089150. The paper argues that by supporting incremental housing improvements made by poor households through an enabling approach, significant progress can be made in addressing housing issues. It explores the challenges and opportunities of implementing such programs, emphasizing the need for coordination among beneficiaries, various government levels, and civil society. Although the paper focuses on Latin America and the Caribbean, the proposed approach is applicable to other regions as well.

4. S.No . Type of source Title of the article/book chapter Name of the book/journal/website/document Author Publisher Year of publication Relevant extracts from the source ISBN No./ Weblink CITATION REMARKS 3. Article INCREMENTAL HOUSING IN MEXICO CITY: A TEACHING-SOLVING PROBLEM Taller de Vivienda (TAVI) Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco Mexico D.F México Andrade, Jorge & Arbesú , María Isabel 2010 The article highlights the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana , Unidad Xochimilco's (UAMX) innovative teaching method, the Modular System (M.S.), which integrates teaching, research, and social service to address real social problems. Specifically, it focuses on the TAVI (Taller de Vivienda) workshop, where architecture students engage in participatory design projects to improve low-income housing in Mexico City. The method emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary approaches, community involvement, and practical application of knowledge, preparing students to tackle social and environmental challenges in their professional careers. Testimonies from former students confirm the method's effectiveness in fostering social responsibility and professional competence. https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB17973.pdf O&SB2010 “Open and Sustainable Building” – Chica, Elguezabal , Meno & Amundarain (Eds.) © 2010, Labein -TECNALIA. ISBN 978-84-88734-06-8

5. S.No . Type of source Title of the article/book chapter Name of the book/journal/website/document Author Publisher Year of publication Relevant extracts from the source ISBN No./ Weblink CITATION REMARKS 4. Journal Incremental housing and housing transformation of the poor in Karnataka :problems and prospects Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 31 M. Mahadeva 2012 Social housing schemes have significantly alleviated housing poverty in rural and urban areas, enhancing living conditions for houseless poor families. These schemes, supported by national and state governments, have increased housing stock, reduced dilapidated units, and improved access to amenities like electricity, sanitation, water, and drainage. Beneficiary families have also seen economic benefits. However, issues such as inadequate benefits, corruption, costs, and external influences hinder the schemes' effectiveness. Based on empirical research in Karnataka, the paper suggests alternatives for better administration of social housing schemes. https://nirdprojms.in/index.php/jrd/article/view/93426/69241

6. S.No . Type of source Title of the article/book chapter Name of the book/journal/website/document Author Publisher Year of publication Relevant extracts from the source ISBN No./ Weblink CITATION REMARKS 5. Thesis Housing : Flexibility, A Case of Incremental Housing at Belapur by Charles Correa Gunjan Niranjan Modi 2016 The research thesis, Housing: Flexibility, A case of Incremental housing at Belapur by Charles Correa is an inquiry into the emergence of housing, the trends in which housing has been dealt with in the past, followed by the issues and relation of a user and a house. The research then talks about the necessity of designed flexibility and how architects/ theoreticians have demonstrated in their projects. The research then, through post occupancy analysis, examines closely, how Architect Charles Correa had tried incorporating this factor of flexibility in his 1983's incremental housing at Belapur, New Mumbai. The research bridges the socio-cultural and economical trends because of which the houses go through changes and illustrates how the designed flexibility has allowed that to happen in this case https://issuu.com/gunjanmodi/docs/gunjan_modi_thesis_page

7. S.No . Type of source Title of the article/book chapter Name of the book/journal/website/document Author Publisher Year of publication Relevant extracts from the source ISBN No./ Weblink CITATION REMARKS 6. Incremental housing, and other design principles for low-cost housing International growth centre Laura Sara Wainer Billy Ndengeingoma Sally Murray 2016 The introduction discusses the rapid urbanization in the Global South, which has outpaced that of the Global North and led to significant challenges, especially in low-income housing. In many developing countries, the urbanization process has not been accompanied by adequate economic growth, creating a severe housing crisis. Traditional government responses, such as mass-produced housing projects, have often failed due to poor location choices, unrealistic designs, and unaffordable costs for the intended low-income populations. These projects frequently become undesirable or abandoned. However, new approaches, such as incremental housing, are gaining attention. Incremental housing allows residents to improve their homes over time, often in better locations, and with greater flexibility to meet their needs. This method is being adopted in countries like Brazil, South Africa, and Thailand. Despite its potential, these new approaches face challenges in aligning with existing regulations, addressing resident aspirations, and securing financial access for low-income families. https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2016/11/Wainer-et-al-2016-final-report.pdf

8. S.No . Type of source Title of the article/book chapter Name of the book/journal/website/document Author Publisher Year of publication Relevant extracts from the source ISBN No./ Weblink CITATION REMARKS 7. Incremental housing: A participation process solution for informal housing Esin HASGÜL Faculty of Architecture, İstanbul Kültür University, İstanbul, Turkey 2016 The research paper explores incremental housing as a participatory solution for informal housing in developing countries. It highlights the challenges posed by informal settlements, such as poor living conditions and unregulated urban growth, which governments struggle to manage. The paper emphasizes the need for collaboration among three key actors: the government, experts (architects, planners, engineers), and individuals (residents). Incremental housing allows residents to gradually expand and improve their homes based on their needs and resources. This approach involves government support for technical and financial assistance, expert guidance in design and construction, and active participation by residents in the planning and building process. The study underscores that this method not only addresses physical housing needs but also respects social and cultural dynamics, leading to more sustainable and integrated urban development. https://www.academia.edu/35385587/Incremental_Housing_A_Participation_Process_Solution_for_Informal_Housing Hasgül, E. (2016). Incremental housing: A participation process solution for informal housing12. ITU A|Z, 13(1), 15-27. doi: 10.5505/itujfa.2016.08370

9. S.No . Type of source Title of the article/book chapter Name of the book/journal/website/document Author Publisher Year of publication Relevant extracts from the source ISBN No./ Weblink CITATION REMARKS 8. Incremental Housing in Urban Areas Anna Arias Ortega 2016 Historical Challenges: Barcelona's large-scale housing projects in the 20th century faced issues of poor quality and social isolation, illustrating the need for better planning. Incremental Housing Concept: Provides a basic unit that users can expand over time, balancing immediate needs with future flexibility. Success stories include Villa El Salvador and the PREVI project. Modern Examples: Projects like Quinta Monroy and Paraisopolis show how incremental housing can adapt to medium-rise buildings and urban density. Benefits: Lower costs, community involvement, and flexibility for future expansion. Architects' Role: Essential in design, construction, and ongoing support to ensure successful incremental housing projects. https://www.hdm.lth.se/fileadmin/hdm/Education/Undergrad/ABAN06_2012/Anna_Arias-Incremental_Housing_in_Urban_Areas__2_.pdf

10. S.No . Type of source Title of the article/book chapter Name of the book/journal/website/document Author Publisher Year of publication Relevant extracts from the source ISBN No./ Weblink CITATION REMARKS 9. Article Incremental Housing Development; An Approach In Meeting the Needs Of Low Cost Housing In Indonesia IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science A H Wibowo and D Larasati IOP Publishing 2018 This paper addresses the severe housing shortage in Indonesia due to rapid population growth, with a current supply of 400-500 thousand units per year against a demand exceeding 800 thousand. The paper critiques mass housing solutions, which often fail to meet user satisfaction, and proposes incremental housing as a viable alternative. Incremental housing allows for a basic, government-provided structure with essential rooms like a bathroom, bedroom, and kitchen. Residents can then gradually expand their homes based on their needs and financial capacity, making the design process participatory and adaptable. The paper reviews literature and case studies to identify criteria for implementing incremental housing for low-income communities in Indonesia, aiming to align housing solutions with the needs and capabilities of the population. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/152/1/012006/pdf A H Wibowo and D Larasati 2018 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 152 012006

11. S.No . Type of source Title of the article/book chapter Name of the book/journal/website/document Author Publisher Year of publication Relevant extracts from the source ISBN No./ Weblink CITATION REMARKS 10. Thesis Incremental Housing Design Approach for Kathmandu Expertise and insight for future Saroj Adhikari Metropolia 2018 The purpose of this thesis was to highlight and present a proactive urban strategy of incremental housing. A case study was proposed enlightening the role, design concepts, features and goals of the incremental housing strategy in the densely populated Kathmandu valley. The approach of this thesis provided a deep understanding of current housing demand and suggested incremental housing as a possible approach and solution to counteract the existing situation. This thesis highlighted the step by step theoretical and practical measures underlining the profits, challenges and overall progress of the strategy to the low-income community for improving the quality of living. The thesis studied different existing housing types on the basis of literature, interviews and case studies. The study looked into different topics, such as material cost, energy management , building design modelling and sustainability. Furthermore, as a design approach different prototypes were created with different functions allowing deep investigation of functionality and reliability of various disciplines. The results suggested that incremental housings could be a solution of boosting quality housing for low income people in highly dense cities https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/264565/Adhikari_Saroj.pdf?sequence=2

12. S.No . Type of source Title of the article/book chapter Name of the book/journal/website/document Author Publisher Year of publication Relevant extracts from the source ISBN No./ Weblink CITATION REMARKS 11. Article The Effects of Incremental Housing Approach on the Level of Residential Satisfaction Iconarp International J of Architecture and Planning 7 Mohammadhossein Azizibabani ICONARP 2019 The research paper explores the impact of the incremental housing approach on residential satisfaction in affordable housing projects in Iran. It highlights that the Iranian government's recent housing initiatives have prioritized the quantity of housing units over the quality, which is crucial for residential satisfaction. The study uses a descriptive-analytic method and case study data to analyze this approach. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334097367_The_Effects_of_Incremental_Housing_Approach_on_the_Level_of_Residential_Satisfaction Bemanian, Mohammadreza & Azizibabani, Mohammadhossein. (2019). The Effects of Incremental Housing Approach on the Level of Residential Satisfaction. Iconarp International J. of Architecture and Planning. 7. 205-225. 10.15320/ICONARP.2019.73. The findings indicate that key factors contributing to residential satisfaction include land and building ownership, provisions for future development, quality improvements, and enhanced social interactions among residents. Additionally, well-designed neighborhood units with appropriate activity patterns are essential. High residential satisfaction fosters a sense of belonging and social sustainability in residential environments. To optimize these positive effects, the paper proposes a model for determining work stages and necessary actions.

13. S.No . Type of source Title of the article/book chapter Name of the book/journal/website/document Author Publisher Year of publication Relevant extracts from the source ISBN No./ Weblink CITATION REMARKS 12. Journal Incremental Housing Development and its Implementation in India International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 12 Bhumika Batra IJSER 2021 Incremental housing allows people to expand their homes according to their needs and financial status, starting with a basic unit and adding on over time. Since independence, the Indian government has focused on housing development, with the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) mission aiming to provide housing for all by 2022, though progress has been slow. https://www.ijser.org/researchpaper/Incremental-Housing-Development-and-its-Implementation-in-India.pdf International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 12, Issue 11, November-2021 1177 ISSN 2229-5518 -Conventional methods are costly and labor-intensive, whereas incremental housing reduces initial costs and increases annual construction rates. -The approach, used successfully in Sri Lanka's 'million houses program,' shifts from a supply-driven to a support-driven model. This method addresses current housing issues and empowers communities, though it is often confused with unauthorized expansion.

14. S.No . Type of source Title of the article/book chapter Name of the book/journal/website/document Author Publisher Year of publication Relevant extracts from the source ISBN No./ Weblink CITATION REMARKS 13. INCREMENTAL HOUSING A Short History of an Idea Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository Nelson Mota Delft University of Technology 2021 This research paper discusses the concept of incremental housing within the context of sustainable urban development, particularly in relation to the New Urban Agenda (NUA) established at the Habitat III Conference in 2016. Incremental housing is defined as a flexible, adaptable approach to housing design that allows for gradual expansion over time, addressing the need for affordable housing in rapidly urbanizing areas. The paper highlights how incremental housing can promote citizen participation and a sense of ownership, aligning with the NUA's goals of inclusive and socially functional cities. https://www.academia.edu/75488724/Incremental_Housing Mota, N. (2021). Incremental Housing: A Short History of an Idea. In L. Medrano, L. Recaman, & T. Avermaete (Eds.), The New Urban Condition: Criticism and Theory from Architecture and Urbanism (pp. 160-182). Routledge - Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003100362-13 The research also critiques the shift from state-provided housing to market-driven housing policies since the 1980s, which has prioritized housing as a commodity rather than a social good. Incremental housing is proposed as a potential solution to the challenges posed by neoliberal housing policies, offering a more sustainable and inclusive approach. However, the paper points out the need for a clearer understanding of how incremental housing can be effectively implemented and integrated with governance and policy to address the housing crisis. The paper calls for a critical review of incremental housing, emphasizing its potential to rethink current housing production models and its implications for architecture and urban design in promoting the right to housing and the right to the city.

15. S.No . Type of source Title of the article/book chapter Name of the book/journal/website/document Author Publisher Year of publication Relevant extracts from the source ISBN No./ Weblink CITATION REMARKS 14. Article INCREMENTAL HOUSING AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR LOW-INCOME HOUSING IN MALAYSIA: THE CASE OF KAMPUNG SEMBULAN, SABAH Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Sujatavani Gunasagaran STAAUH 2021 The paper by Mari et al. (2023) explores incremental housing (IH) as a solution for low-income housing in Malaysia, specifically focusing on Kampung Sembulan , an informal settlement in Sabah known for its social, environmental, and economic challenges. The study examines the reception of the 'half-house' concept introduced by Alejandro Aravena in 2016 as a potential remedy for these issues. Key objectives of the research include: Assessing users' perceptions of incremental housing. Identifying measurable variables to study these perceptions. Evaluating users' views at different phases of the IH concept: initial, development, and developed. The research, which was conducted quantitatively, found that the level of acceptance of incremental housing correlates with various perceptions identified in the study. This suggests that incremental housing could be a viable approach to addressing the problems faced by informal settlements in Malaysia. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367177350_INCREMENTAL_HOUSING_AS_AN_ALTERNATIVE_FOR_LOW-INCOME_HOUSING_IN_MALAYSIA_THE_CASE_OF_KAMPUNG_SEMBULAN_SABAH Mari, Tamil & Srirangam , Sucharita & Ong, Seng & Peng, Ng & Gunasagaran , Sujatavani . (2023). INCREMENTAL HOUSING AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR LOW-INCOME HOUSING IN MALAYSIA: THE CASE OF KAMPUNG SEMBULAN, SABAH.

16. S.No . Type of source Title of the article/book chapter Name of the book/journal/website/document Author Publisher Year of publication Relevant extracts from the source ISBN No./ Weblink CITATION REMARKS 15. Journal Vertical incremental housing in São Paulo. The case of Minha Casa Minha Vida – Entidades Entidades C. D’Ottavianoa and D. M. Bossuy Informa UK limited 2024 The article explores the concept of vertical incremental housing, focusing on the Brazilian Minha Casa Minha Vida – Entidades (MCMV-E) program in São Paulo. Vertical incremental housing refers to the gradual improvement and expansion of multi-story residential buildings by low-income residents, often through self-management ( autogestão ). The MCMV-E program, which allows social organizations to transform vacant real estate into low-income housing, presents both opportunities and challenges. While it enables low-income residents to secure housing in well-serviced urban areas, it also faces obstacles such as high land costs, technical complexity, and development risks. The article analyzes four case studies of self-organized retrofits in São Paulo, highlighting how vertical incrementalism can align with urban densification and revitalization while addressing issues of socio-spatial exclusion. The study emphasizes the importance of collaboration between residents, the state, and technical professionals to navigate these challenges. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19491247.2024.2308716#abstract

17. S.No . Type of source Title of the article/book chapter Name of the book/journal/website/document Author Publisher Year of publication Relevant extracts from the source ISBN No./ Weblink CITATION REMARKS 16. News Incremental Housing: The Latest Architecture and News 2024 The text highlights the prevalence of informal architecture in rapidly growing cities of the Global South, such as Delhi, Lagos, Cairo, and Johannesburg, where a significant portion of the population lives in informal settlements. As urbanization continues, there is increasing interest in leveraging informal architecture to meet the demand for affordable housing and basic services. The concept of "Incremental Iconation " is introduced as a potential socio-economic model for developing monumental buildings in these regions. This approach suggests applying incremental principles—small, adaptable changes and growth—to create iconic structures that shape communities, cultural narratives, and national identity, even in resource-constrained environments. Additionally, the 2017 "Build to Grow" social housing competition in Iquitos, Peru, exemplifies how incremental design principles can be applied to housing. The winning project proposed 120 incremental homes that could be modified and expanded by residents according to their needs and financial capabilities, providing a flexible and sustainable housing solution. https://www.archdaily.com/tag/incremental-housing