Research Tools and Techniques

Research Tools and Techniques

1. NAME :RONIT RAJENDRA KHARADE (Assistant Professor & TPO) Techniques and Tools Of Research

2. Sr.No Particulars 1 Introduction 2 The tools and techniques that are used in quantitative and qualitative methods. 3 Types of tools and techniques 4 Conclusion 5 References INDEX

3. Introduction Tools and techniques in research are the statistical methods of collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. Statistics provides numerous tools  and techniques to analyze the data and interpret the results of the analysis.

4. The tools and techniques that are used in quantitative and qualitative methods. Qualitative Research Method  The qualitative research methods of data collection does not involve the collection of data that involves numbers or a need to be deduced through a mathematical calculation, rather it is based on the non-quantifiable elements like the feeling or emotion of the researcher. An example of such a method is an open-ended questionnaire.

5. Quantitative Method Quantitative methods are presented in numbers and require a mathematical calculation to deduce. An example would be the use of a questionnaire with close-ended questions to arrive at figures to be calculated Mathematically. Also, methods of correlation and regression, mean, mode and median.

6. OBSERVATION Observation is a systematic data collection approach. Researchers use all of their senses to examine people in natural settings or naturally occurring situations. This can be done directly or indirectly with the subject knowing or unaware that you are observing them. You may choose to collect data through continuous observation or via set time periods depending on your project.

7. Structured observation To carry out a structured observation you must first select the variables or indicators you are about to observe. Take into account the participants, behavior, and environment where it will take place as well as any physical movements or symbols that are important to be taken into account.

8. Unstructured observation Unstructured observation this approach is best used to look at a single situation, for example , examining the experiences of elderly people admitted to care. In this situation the researcher will take numerous field notes, and may use tape or video recording. There is a predetermined schedule of events or activities.

9. Descriptive observation Descriptive observation means that you do not wish to modify the activity in any way, you just want to register it such as it would take place without your presence. you simply write down what you observe. Qualitative  observations are descriptive observations made with our senses of sight, taste, hearing, smell, and touch.

10. Inferential observation Inferential observational variables require the researcher to make inferences about what is  observed and the underlying emotion. For example, you may observe a girl banging on her keyboard. From this observation you may assume (correctly) that she is frustrated with the computer. You may write down an observation that is inferred by the subject’s body language and behavior.

11. Evaluative observation Observation provides the opportunity to monitor or assess a process or situation and document evidence of what is seen and heard.

12. The best tools for Observation are: Checklists  - state specific criteria, allow users to gather information and make judgments about what they should know in relation to the outcomes. They offer systematic ways of collecting data about specific behaviors, knowledge, and skills. Direct observation  - This is an observational study method of collecting evaluative information. The evaluator see the subject in his or her usual environment without altering that environment.

13. INTERVIEW An interview is a conversation for gathering information. A research interview involves an interviewer, who coordinates the process of the conversation and asks questions, and an interviewee, who responds to those questions. Interviews can be conducted face-to-face or over the telephone or video calling .

14. Types of Interviews Structured interviews: In a structured interview, the interviewer asks a set of standard, predetermined questions about particular topics, in a specific order. Semi-structured interviews : In a semi-structured interview, the interviewer uses a set of predetermined questions and the respondents answer in their own words. Semi -structured interviews are useful when there is a need to collect in-depth information in a systematic manner from a number of respondents or interviewees (e.g., teachers, community leaders).

15. Unstructured interviews: In an unstructured interview, the interviewer has no specific guidelines, restrictions, predetermined questions, or list of options . Unstructured interviews are particularly useful for getting the stories behind respondents’ experiences or when there is little information about a topic.

16. For collecting data through interviews, here are a tools you can use to easily collect data. Audio Recorder Digital Camera Camcorder

17. GROUP DISCUSSION Group discussion is an important activity in academic, business and administrative spheres. It is a systematic and purposeful interactive oral process. Here the exchange of ideas, thoughts and feelings take place through oral communication. The exchange of ideas takes place in a systematic and structured way. The participants sit facing each other almost in a semi-circle and express their views on the given topic/issue/problem. It is an effective tool in problem solving, decision making and personality assessment.

18. An effective group discussion generally has a number of elements: All members of the group have a chance to speak, expressing their own ideas and feelings freely, and to pursue and finish out their thoughts All members of the group can hear others’ ideas and feelings stated openly Group members can safely test out ideas that are not yet fully formed A variety of points of view are put forward and discussed

19. SURVEY A survey is a method of collecting data in a consistent way. Survey research is useful for documenting existing community conditions, characteristics of a population, and community opinion. surveys using both the questionnaire and interview methods.

20. There are three main survey research methods, divided based on the medium of conducting survey research: Online/ Email Phone-Survey Face-to-face

21. QUESTIONNAIRES A questionnaire is a list of survey questions asked to respondents designed to gather specific information. It is needed in quantitative, qualitative and mixed research designs. As research instrument, it is used to collect standard data over large numbers of people.

22. There are following types of questionnaires: Online Q uestionnaire Online survey tools are software solutions that provide the ability to create, run and interpret various types of surveys either on the users own websites, on emails or on hosted web pages. Paper Questionnaire A paper questionnaire is a data collection tool consisting of a series of questions and/or prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents.

23. There are following types of questionnaires: Computer questionnaire. Telephone questionnaire. In-house survey. Mail Questionnaire. Open-end question questionnaires. Close -end question questionnaires. Multiple choice questions. Scaling Questions.

24. REPORTING Data reporting is the process of gathering and submitting data to be further subjected to analysis. The key aspect of data reporting is reporting accurate data because of inaccurate data reporting leads to uninformed decision making. Types for Reports NGO Reports Newspapers Website Articles Hospital Care records

25. Conclusion Using this all tools and techniques of research is very easy to find out the results when we use the tools and techniques we get excellent and accurate result. There are various types of tools and techniques are mentioned in the report and all are very useful tools . The advantages of the research tools and techniques are many it saves the time money etc. We use this tools to get a accuracy finding and that is very important for the researcher the perfect tool and techniques should be choose for particular research otherwise it can get a wrong findings & results.

26. References https://explorable.com/types-of-survey https://shodhgangotri.inflibnet.ac.in/ https://www.formpl.us/blog/data-collection-method https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4885177/