Research Writing Chapter-2-and-3-content.pptx

Research Writing Guide

1. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES Chapter 2

2. Selecting Relevant Literature Some research undertakings are conducted to disprove, redefine or even replicate what is already established. Others seek to explore an unfamiliar concept or idea. Thus, doing a literature review clarifies your research focus within the context of your field.

3. Selecting Relevant Literature Literature, in the context of research, refers to a collection of published information or materials on a particular area of research or topic, such as books and journal articles of academic value. On the other hand, a literature review is a process of studying what has already been written on a particular topic.

4. Selecting Relevant Literature The process involves identifying, locating, and analyzing documents that contain information related to a researcher’s research topic (Avilla, 2016). Likewise, Aveyard (2010) defined it as a "comprehensive study and interpretation of literature that addresses a specific topic."

5. Prieto, et. al (2017) listed down the purposes for which literature review is done: 1. To demonstrate a familiarity with a body of knowledge and establish credibility. A good review increases a reader’s confidence in the researcher’s professional competence, ability and background.

6. Prieto, et. al (2017) listed down the purposes for which literature review is done: 2. To show the path of prior research and how a current project is linked to it. A good review places a research project in a context and demonstrates its relevance by making connections to a body of knowledge.

7. Prieto, et. al (2017) listed down the purposes for which literature review is done: 3. To integrate and summarize what is known in an area. A good review points out areas where prior studies agree, where they disagree and where major questions remain. It also indicates the directions for future research.

8. Prieto, et. al (2017) listed down the purposes for which literature review is done: 4. To learn from others and stimulate new ideas. A good review identifies blind alleys and suggests hypotheses for replication and gain new insights.

9. Selecting Relevant Literature As you look for literature to incorporate in your review, you have to eye the most valuable and pertinent information to your study. Hence, you do not list everything you find especially resources that are not collected by an academic library.

10. CRITERIA QUESTIONS TO ASK Accuracy Is the information reliable? Is the information error-free? Is the information based on proven facts? Can the information be verified against other reliable sources? Authority Who is the author? Does he or she have the qualifications to speak or write on that topic? Is the author affiliated with a reputable university or organization in this subject field? Objectivity What is the intended purpose of the information? Is the information facts or opinions? Is the information biased? Currency When was the information published? Is the information current or outdated? Does currency matter in this topic? Coverage Does the information covered meet your information needs? Does it provide basic or in-depth coverage?

11. The Review of Literature and Studies. The RRL shall be organized thematically; therefore, the subheadings will be based on the themes/topics. A synthesis of the reviewed literature and studies should be placed at the end of the chapter. Except for classical theories and any other relevant literature, all the literature and studies included in the review shall have been published or written (if unpublished, such as theses and dissertations) at least ten (10) years before the conduct of the current study.

12. The Review of Literature and Studies. Except for exploratory studies, the minimum number of literature and studies to be reviewed shall be pegged at twenty (20) or more for undergraduate thesis, forty (40) or more for Master’s, and fifty (50) or more for doctoral.

13. The Review of Literature and Studies . In-Text Citation Use the American Psychological Association (APA) style in the in-text citation of theses/ dissertations of all programs. The APA style follows the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author’s last name and the year of publication for the source shall appear in the text, e.g., (Jones, 2006) or “According to Jones (2006)…”. A page number of the source, however, shall be included in the in-text citation in case of direct quotations, e.g., (Jones, 2006, p. 199).

14. The Review of Literature and Studies . The author-date method of citation requires that the surname of the author (do not include suffixes such as Jr.), and the year of publication be inserted in the text at the appropriate point.

15. Examples: One Work by One Author • Kessler (2003) found that among epidemiological samples • Early onset results in a more persistent and severe course (Kessler, 2003) • In 2003, Kessler’s study of epidemiological samples showed that ... • Among epidemiological samples, Kessler (2003) found that …. The study also showed that there was a high rate of comorbidity….(Kessler, 2003).

16. One Work by Multiple Authors When a work has two authors, cite both names every time the reference occurs in text. When a work has three, four or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs. In subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et. al, (not italicized and with a period after al) and the year if it is the first citation of the reference within a paragraph.

17. One Work by Multiple Authors • Kisangau , Lyaruu , Hosea and Joseph (2007) found (Use as first citation in text.] • Kisangau et al. (2007) found [Use as subsequent first citation per paragraph thereafter.] • Kisangau et al. found [Omit year from subsequent citations after first nonparenthetical citation within a paragraph

18. One Work by Multiple Authors Exception: If two references of more than three surnames with the same year shorten to the same form), cite the surnames of the first authors and of as many of the subsequent authors as necessary to distinguish the two references, followed by a comma and et al.

19. One Work by Multiple Authors Examples: • Ireys , Chernoff, DeVet , and Kim (2001) and Ireys , Chernooff , Stein, et al. (2001) • …as Kurtines and Szapocznik (2003) demonstrated • …as has been shown ( Joneskog&Sorbom , 2007) • Kosslyn , Koenig, Barrett, Cave, Tang, and Gabrieli (1996)

20. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Chapter 3

21. Research methodology Introduce with a brief statement enumerating the main topics that are covered in this chapter. Use future tense for the proposal and past tense for the research report.

22. Research Design The method of research could be any of the following general types: descriptive, experimental, or historical; the approach could be qualitative, quantitative, or mixed. The appropriate research design must be specified and described.

23. Research Design The research design is the plan or structure for conducting the study, whether it is correlational, evaluative, normative, quasi-experimental, exploratory, etc. It summarizes the set of procedures that the researcher will use/have used to obtain the data needed to answer the research problems. More specific designs are identified and explained in detail.

24. Research Design Explain why this particular research design/procedure was chosen and how it fits with research objectives/problems. Indicate the reference(s) used to justify the use of the research design. Include the limitations of the research design and/or of the materials used, if any.

25. Population and Locale of the Study Describe the place where the study will be conducted and the reason behind the choice. Describe the human participants in the study (respondents) and the sampling design to be used. Convenience sampling is not allowed.

26. Population and Locale of the Study To warrant the use of statistical tests, randomization should be employed either simple or in combination with other sampling procedures such as stratified sampling or systematic sampling. The size of the sampling group should be systematically determined through accepted procedures such as using Slovin’s formula or Lynch’s Formula.

27. Population and Locale of the Study The margin of error should be presented and the reason for its choice discussed. Discuss the technique to be used/used in selecting and identifying the actual participants; such techniques should ensure equal opportunity for all members of the study population to participate in the study. Discuss the time frame involved in the conduct of the study.

28. Data Gathering Tools Describe the instruments to be used in terms of: its source/s; what each will measure; to whom each will be administered. Append sample data gathering instrument (e.g. questionnaire, survey, interview guide, etc.), computation, and summary on the tests of validity and reliability.

29. Data Gathering Procedure Describe how the data will be obtained. Specifically, to whom each will be administered; how each will be administered; how its validity and reliability will be established; and how to interpret the prospective data..

30. Data Gathering Procedure For the Research Report, discuss, too, the results of the procedures on validity and reliability, if applicable. Append sample computation and summary on the tests of validity and reliability

31. Treatment of Data Present the formulae. However, if actual computations are done through statistics software, there is no need to show the formulae; stating the tools and the justification for each are enough; the statistics software should be specified.

32. Treatment of Data Set the level of significance and state the statistical package to be used/ used. (e.g. Microstat , SPSS version 23, Megastat , Stattext , PASW-21, etc.) When applicable, include an appropriate scheme for data categorization. See also Part III of this Manual for additional guidelines on the statistics component of research.

33. Ethical Considerations Present adequate measures and procedures used to safeguard and uphold ethical standards in research, such as along the following: protecting the well-being of the human participants (respondents), e.g. their informed consent, freedom from coercion/physical or emotional harm; confidentiality of certain personal information; observance of protocol; the integrity of the sources/references; intellectual honesty and diligence; and avoidance of plagiarism.

34. Ethical Considerations Describe how ethical issues were considered and addressed. Describe how researcher bias was addressed. Provide a statement that approval has been secured from the Research Panel/Ethics Review Board to conduct the study, if any.