Resins

Includes brief description about RESINS and pharmacognostic details of various drugs containing RESINS.

1. RESINS

2. contents Introduction Defnition Properties Occurance Distribution Extraction Classification Combinations Drugs

3. Introduction : The word resin comes from French – resine Greek – Rhetine Latin – resin Plant resins have a very long history that was documented in ancient Greece by “Theophrastus” and in ancient Rome by “Pliny the Elder”.

4. DEFINITION : Resin is a solid or highly viscous organic substance exuded by various trees or can be produced synthetically . Synonym – rosin .

5. PROPERTIES : Physically :– Resins are usually hard, transparent or translucent . When heated, they soften and finally melt. Chemically :- They are complex mixtures of resin acids , resin alcohols, resin phenols (resinotannols). Solubility :- Insoluble in water & petroleum spirit . Soluble in alcohol,chloroform & ether .

6. OCCURRENCE: Resins occur in different secretory zones or structures. Examples are as follows: i)Resin Cells:- Ginger-Zingiberofficinale Roscoe (Family:Zingiberaceae). ii)Schizogenous Ducts:- Pine Wood-Pinus polustris Miller (Family:Pinaceae). iii)Glandular Hairs:- Cannabis-Cannabis sativa Linne (Family:Moraceae).

7. ginger Cannabis pine

8. DISTRIBUTION: Distributed throughout the entire plant kingdom Mostly – Spermatophyta (seed plants) Rarely – Pteridophyta (ferns) Absent- Thallophyta (sea- weeds,fungi ) Resins are the overall net results of metabolism in higher plants. Important Resin-Containing families are :- Pinaceae (colophory/rosin) Leguminosae (tolu balsum) Dipterocarpaceae (garijari) Burseraceae (myrrh) Umbelliferae (asafoetida)

9. EXTRACTION METHODs: By using solvents By distillation

10. EXTRACTION METHODs: By making incisions By heating the plant part containing resins

11. Classification: Classified under 2 major categories: Resins Taxonomical Classification Chemical Classification

12. Taxonomical Classification Coniferous Resin e.g. Colophony , Sandarac . Berberidaceae Resin e.g.Podophyllum . Zygophyllaceae Resin e.g. Guaiacum .

13. Chemical Classification Resin acids Resin phenols Glucoresin s Resenes Resin esters Resin alcohols

14. EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS RESINS & RESIN COMBINATIONS: S.No Resins Examples 1 . Chemical Groups i ) Resin acids Colophony ,Myrrh , Sandrac , Guaiacum ii) Resin esters Benzoin ,Dragon’s blood iii) Resin alcohols Storax , Benzoin iv) Resin phenols Balsam of tolu ,balsam of peru v) Glucoresins Jalap vi) vii) Resenes Mixed composition Asafoetida Shellac

15. S.No . Resins Examples 2 . Resins with Gum/Essential oil i ) Gum resins Ammonicum , Gamboage ii) Oleoresin Turpentine ,Copaiba , Ginger ,Canada resin iii) Oleogum resin Myrrh , Asafoetida , Olibanum 3. Balsams Tolu balsam ,Peru balsam

16. DRUGS Turmeric Capsicum Cannabis Asafoetida Male fern Myrrh Tar Ginger Jalap Kaladana Balsam of peru Balsam of tolu Ipomea Guggul colocynth Storax Podophyllum Lac Colophony Benzoin

17. Turmeric : Synonym :- Indian saffron, curcuma, haridra, haldi (hindi). Telugu name :- pasupu . Biological source :- Useful part- dried rhizome. Scientific name- Curcuma longa Linn. Family- Zingiberacea .

18. Geographical Source :-

19. Cultivation & Collection perennial herb. soil :-alluvial soil climate :-hot& moist irrigation :-liberally

20. Cultivation & Collection……. Field should be well prepared –depth 30cm Crop the plant at 7cm depth& distance of 30-37 cm from april -august. Suitable fertilizers & pesticies are added. Lower leaves turns yellow-indicates the time of harvesting(9-10 months). The rhizomes are carefully dug up with hard picks. washed & dried.

21. Structure:- M acroscopy :- colour –yellowish-brown odour –characteristic taste –slightly bitter size –long-4-7 cm & width -1-1.5 cm shape - cylindical /pear shaped/ round/ lateral branch fracture –horny, internal surface is orange.

22. microscopy

23. Chemical constituents:- it contains 5% of volatile oils, resins, abundant zingiberaceous starch granules& yellow colouring substance known as curcuminoids . Chemical tests:- Turmeric+conc . H 2 SO 4 red colour Turmeric+alkali solution violet colour Turmeric+Acetic anhydride+conc.H 2 SO 4 violet colour (under UV light this is seen as intense red influoresence )

24. Uses: Anti-inflammatory ,Blood purifier & Stimulant Used as a condiment/ spice & colouring agent Adulterantion : The genuine drug is adulterated with the rhizomes of Acorus calamus

25. Substituents : Curcuma amada Roxb is a common substitute for turmeric , found wild in A.P. , Orissa , West Bengal.

26. Marketed products: Ingrediant in preparations known as J.P. Nikhar oil( Jamuna pharma ) Purian (Himalaya drug company)

27. CAPSICUM: Synonym :- chillies , cayenne pepper, red pepper, spanish pepper, capsicum fruits, fructus capsici , mirch ( hindhi ). Telugu name :- bangalore mirapakaaya , bunga mirapa .

28. Biological source : Useful part –dried ripen fruits. Scientific name – Capsicum annum Linn.& Capsicum minimum . Family – Solanaceae .

29. Geographical source:- it is native of America & culitivated in almost all the tropical c ountries (India, A frica , J apan ) Cultivation & Collection:- grown as a kharif as well as rabi crop. Cultiv ated mostly as rain-fed crop. Soil:red loams ,black soils and clayey loams. Irrigation:frequent water supply Climate:warm and humid

30. Cultivation & Collection……. Selected seeds are mixed with ash & sown Germination –1 week (manure with compost once a day) Flowering – 2-3months Crop is ready for harvest-6 months Ripen fruits are picked & dried in sun on floor Graded & packed into gunny bags

31. Cultivation of capsicum

32. Structure:- M acroscopy : color- dull orange red to brownish red odour - characteristic taste- pungent size- length 12-25cm , width- 7mm shape- conical/oblong

33. Chemical constituents: it contains fixed oils-4.16% volatile oil-1.5% ascorbicacid-0.2% oleo resin-, carotenoids , capsacutin , capsico (volatile alkaloid), thiamine.

34. Uses: externally :- stimulant, counter irritant, rubefacient , sore throat, scarlatina , hoarseness & yellow fever. internally :- carminative, stomachic, dyspepsia, flatulence. in the form of ointment, plaster & medicated wool.

35. Marketed products:- Ingredients of the preparation known as deepact ( lupin herbal lab) & capsigyl -D( shalaks ).

36. Cannabis: Synonym :- Indian hemp, Indian cannabis, Hashish, Bhang, Ganja, Charas , Marihuana. Telugu name :- Ganjayi Mokka .

37. Biological source : Useful part –Dried flowering tops Scientific name - Cannabis sativa Linn. Family – Cannabinaceae . Geographical source :It is indogenous to India.also occurs in Bangladesh , Pakisthan , Iran U.S , Africa.

38. Cultivation & Collection:- annual , dioecious herb. - cultivated as kharif crop Soil:loamy /sandy soil pH:5.9 - 6.5 Irrigation: moderate supply of water Climate:humid The cultivation of cannabis is undertaken only under licence from the government ,since it is a narcotic drug.

39. Cultivation & Collection….. Seeds are sown on raised beds. After 1 month the seedlings are transplanted into open field. Matured male plants are taken & shaken over female plants to facilitate pollination Flowering tops are collected , made into bundles & treated under foot to form flat masses. Flat masses are dried

40. Cultivation of cannabis…

41. Structure:- M acroscopy : color-dull green odour -strong & narcotic taste- pungent shape- flatenned / cylindrical Chemical constituents:- comprises 15-20% resins active constituents include – cannabinol , cannabidiol , cannabidiolic acid, cannabichromene & cannabigerol .

42. Identification tests:- Shake 0.1g of drug with 5ml light petroleum & filter To 1ml filtrate add 2ml 75% solution of HCL in ethyl alcohol At the junction of 2 liquids ,a red coloration appears After shaking ,upper layer becomes colorless & lower layer pink.

43. Uses:- It is a narcotic, sedative & analgesic. It has psychotropic properties & used as a drug in a very little amounts. It causes euphoria and later mental disturbances. Marketed products:- Ingredient of preparations known as Bilwadi Churna ( Baidyanath )

44. asafoetida Synonym :- Asafoetida ,Gum Asafoetida , Devil’s dung. Telugu name :- Ingua Biological source :- Useful part –rhizome Scientific name – Ferula foetida Regel Family – Umbelliferae Geographical source :-Grown in Iran , Turkestan & Afghanistan.

45. Cultivation & Collection:- Perennial plant From March-April ,just before the flowering season of plant , upper part of the roots , close to the crown is cut off. Milky juice oozes out the cut surface & coagulates After few days the coagulated matter is scraped off & fresh cuts are given for more exudates. This process repeates until the plant ceases to produce latex.

46. Structure:- M acroscopy : color- yellowih white – reddish brown odour -intense taste- bitter size- 0.5 -3cm(diameter) shape-2 forms tears(round / flat) & masses

47. Chemical constituents:- contain resins (40 -65%) gum(20 -25%) volatile oil (4- 20%) Chemical tests:- T rituration with water milky emulsion Drug + HCL + Filter +NH 4 Blue fluorescence Identification tests:- T rituration with water Yellowish orange emulsion Drug + HNO 3 (50%) Green color

48. Uses:- Carminative , nervine stimulent , intestinal flatulence ,laxative ,anti spasmodic Flavouring agent Adulterants : Asafoetida is adulterated with gum arabic , gypsum ,red clay ,chalk ,slices of potato & barley or wheat flour.

49. Marketed products:- Ingredient of preparations known as Madhudoshantak ( Jamuna Pharma )

50. Male fern: Synonym :- Filiax mass, A spidium Telugu name :- Biological source :- Useful part- rhizome & frond bases Scientific name- Dryopteris filix-mass Linn . Family- Polypodiaceae

51. Geographical source: Abundant in Europe esp. Germany & England In India it grows in H.P. & Kashmir

52. Cultivation & Collection:- Male fern is identified on basis of it’s oblique rhizomes surrounded by numerous frond bases. These fronds bear a no. of long pinnae containing several pairs of pinnules . The plant is dug up in late autumn & washed with water. Roots , fronds & dead parts are removed & trimmed rhiizomes are dried.

53. Structure:- M acroscopy : color-dark brown - reddish brown odour -slight & characteristic taste- sweet ,mucilaginous & astringent. size- 3 -25 cm(diameter) & 5cm(width) shape-cylindrical to conical

54. Chemical constituents:- contains ,yellow resinous substances-5% active constituents -6 to 5% ethereal extract -8 to 10% ( fillicin – 30%)

55. Uses:- Antihelmintic , esp. as taeniafuge . Substituents :- Rhizomes & frond bases of lady fern Athyrium , filix – foemina are mixed with genuine drug. Marketed products:- Ingredients of preparations known as Paratrex (Global Healing Centre)

56. myrrh Synonym :- Gum-resin Myrrh , Bol , Myrrha . Telugu name :- Biological source :- Useful part-from stem Scientific name- Commiphora momol Engler . Family- Burseraceae Geographical Source: It is found in Arabian Peninsula, Africa.

57. Cultivation & Collection:- When incisions are made in bark of tree ,they exudate yellowish – coloured resin It gradually hardens & becomes dark /reddish brown . This is collected in goat skins & sent to market

58. Structure:- Macroscopy : Color-reddish brown Odour - aromatic Size- 1.5- 3cm(diameter) Shape-round/irregular

59. Chemical constituents:- contains volatile oils – 10% gum – 60% resin – 25 -40% Chemical test:- Triturate with water yellowish brown Identification test:- 0.1g of sample +0.1g sand, triturate with solvent , allow to evaporate thin film gives violet colour .

60. Uses:- Stimulent & antiseptic Adulterants & substituents :- Substituted by Arabian myrrh Marketed products:- Ingredient in preparation of Yograj guggulu ( Baidyanath )

61. Tar: Synonym :- chir tar, pine tar. Telugu name :- Biological source :- Geographical source :- found in Canada ,USA , India. Useful part-from wood Scientific name- pinus sylvestris . Family- pinaceae

62. Structure:- macrscopy : colour - dark brown odour - characteristic, nopthelene taste- bitter, pungent solubility- insoluble in water, partly soluble in alcohol, soluble in ether, volatile oils.

63. Chemical constituents:- contains hydrocarbons phenols methyl esters resins Chemical tests:- 1gm tar + 20ml H 2 O(shake) filterate +FeCl 3 red colour Uses:- expectorant ,anti bacterial.

64. Marketed products:-

65. Ginger: Synonym:- Rhizome zingiberis , Zingibere . Telugu name:- Allum Biological source :- Useful part- dried rhizome Scientific name- Zingiber officinale roscoe Family- zingiberaceae Geographical source:- Found in West Indies, India, Japan, Africa.

66. Cultivation & Collection:- cultivated as kharif crop Soil:loamy soil Irrigation: heavy water supply Climate:humid Ginger plants Cultivated in a field

67. Cultivation & Collection:- Sow the rhizomes (living bud) under sufficient rainfall conditions Supplement the plant with manures & fertilisers (ammonium phosphate ,potash etc.,) After 6 months leaves turn yellow & ready for harvesting. Dig the rhizomes & scrap , dry them & coat with calcium sulphate

68. Cultivation of ginger…..

69. Structure:- Macroscopy : colour - buff colour odour - aromatic taste- pungent size-15cm(length) , 1.5-6.5cm(width) shape- short flat & ovate

70. Chemical constituents:- Contains volatile oils 1-2% ( α - zingiberol , α – bisabolene etc,) resin 5-8%

71. Uses:- used as antiemetic,carminative,condiment . Adulterants :- Ginger is adultered with exhausted ginger & can be detected by determination of water – soluble ash , volatile oil contents etc., Marketed products: J.p syrup ( jamuna pharma ) Hajmola ( dabur )

72. Synonym :- Mexican jalap, Jalap radix. Telugu name :- Tegada veru Biological source :- Useful part –dried tuberous root Scientific name – Ipomoea purga Hayne Family – Convolvulaceae Geographical source :- Found in Jamica , South africa , India. jalap

73. Cultivation & Collection: Perennial climbing twinner with nodes & internodes (adventitious root) Roots of this plant store reserve food material in roots & converts into tubercules . These tubercules are digged & dried.

74. Structure: Macroscopy : Colour - dark brown Odour - smokey Taste - sweetish Size - 14-15cm(length), 4-10cm(diameter) Shape - fusiform , irregularly ovoid

75. Mi croscopy:

76. Chemical constituents:- contains resins ,volatile oils , starch , gum , sugar – (8-18%) jalapin -10% convolunin ( rhamnoconvolvulic acid-74% tiglic acid – 9% exogonic acid – 7% ) Uses :- Powerful catharatic

77. Marketed products:-

78. Kaladana : Synonym :- pharbitis seeds, kaladana seeds. Telugu name :- Biological source :- Useful part –dried seeds Scientific name – Ipomoea hederaceae Linn . Family – Convolvulaceae Geographical source:- Found in India(Himalayas).

79. Collection:- It is found wild in the Himalayas upto 2000m. This white flowered plant is found as weed in sugar-cane. It is also grown in Bihar

80. Structure:- Macroscopy : Odour - none Taste- sweetish Size-5mm(length),3-5mm(width) Shape- triangular

81. Chemical constituents:- Contains cathartic resin - pharbiticin 11% fixed oil 15%. Uses:- Used as cathartic

82. Balsam of peru : Synonym :- India black balsam, China oil. Telugu name :- Biological source :- Useful part – incisions( stem) Scientific name – myroxylon balsamum var. p ereirae Family – Papilionaceae Geographical source :- C olumbia , Central America , Venezula .

83. Cultivation & Collection:- This is a pathological resin 10 yr old plant is beaten on 4 sides Cracked bark is scorched to separate it from trunk In 1 week bark is dropped & balsam begins to flow from exposed wood Injured part is covered with cloths/rags , in which resin is absorbed These cloths are boiled with water to obtain the saturated resins On cooling the water balsam settles at the bottom which is removed , strained & packed in tin cans

84. Structure:- Macroscopy Colour - dark brown- reddish brown Odour - aromatic vanilla like Taste- bitter Density-1.150 – 1.170 Solubility- Insoluble in water Soluble in alcohol , glacial acetic acid .

85. Chemical constituents:- Contains balsamic esters –(45- 70%) ( cinnamein -50-60% styracin , resin -28%) Chemical tests:- Sample + Alcohol + Ferric chloride Green colour Sample + potassium permanganate benzaldehyde

86. Uses:- Used in topical preparations for scabies, treatment of wounds , ulcers & bed sores. Also used in cosmetic preparations. As flavouring agent. Marketed products:- Ingredient in the preparation known as Aubrey Organics Natural Sun SPF 12 Vitamin C Enriched.

87. Tolu balsam: Synonym :- Thomas balsam, Opo balsam, Resin tolu Telugu name :- Biological source :- Useful part –from stem Scientific name – Myroxylon balsamum Linn Family – Leguminosae Geographical source:- Found in Colombia, West indies, Cuba, Peru.

88. Cultivation & Collection: Pathological resin & formed in the trunk of tissues as a result of injuries Collected all over the year except the period of heavy rains V –shaped incisions are made in bark & sap wood Calabash cups are placed to receive the flow of balsam Collected balsam is transferred into larger tin containers & exporated .

89. Structure:- Macroscopic: Colour - yellowish/ brownish Odour - aromatic Taste- aromatic Chemical constituents:- Contains free cinnamic acid 12-16% free benzoic acid 8% oily liquid 7.6%

90. Chemical tests:- Alc. Solution of drug+fecl3 green colour Uses:- Used as expectorant, antiseptic & flavouring agent. Adulterantion :- Mainly adulterated with colophony & exhausted tolu balsam. Adulterant can be identified by heating it with water .

91. Marketed product:-

92. IPOMOEA: Synonym :- Orizaba jalap roots, ipomoea root. Telugu name :- Biological source :- Useful part –dried tuberous roots Scientific name – Ipomoae orizabensis Ledenosis Family – convolvulaceae Geographical source:- Found in Mexico, Andes mountain.

93. Structure:- Macroscopic: Colour - greyish brown Odour - slight Taste - faintlyacrid Size - 3-10cm(wide), 2-4cm(thick) Shape - transverse/longitudinal Fracture - short, irregular fibrous.

94. Chemical constituents:- Contains resin10-20%(90% alcohol) jalapin ( ipuranol , ipurganol ) Chemical tests:- Fluoresence in UV Deep bluish violet colour

95. Uses:- It is a strong cathartic. Adulterants & substituents :- It is a adulterated with Ipomoea tuberosa i.e. Brazilian jalap.

96. Guggul : Synonym :- gumguggl , alai- gogil . Biological source :- Useful part- bark Scientific name – Comminphora mukul Engl Family - burseraceae Geographical source:- Found in India

97. Collection:- Guggal tree is a small thorny tree 4- 6 feet with tall branches Planted in hedges sometimes. remains without any foilage for most of the year It has ash coloured bark & comes off in rough flakes exposing inner bark This exudes a yellowish resin called gum guggul / guggulu which has balsamic odour Collected & dried

98. Structure: Macroscopy Colour - brown to pale yellow/dull green Odour - aromatic Taste - bitter Size - 0.5 to 1.000 to 2.5cm in diameter Shape - round/irregular Solubility – insoluble in water partly soluble in alcohol

99. Chemical constituents:- Contains steroids , terpenoids , carbohydrates & aliphatic esters. Uses:- Used Anti – infammatory & Anti – rheumatic. Marketed product:-

100. colocynth: Synonym:- Bitter apple, Bitter cucumber. Biological source:- Useful part –Dried pithy pulp of ripe fruit Scientific name – Citrullus colocynthis Schrador Family - Curcurbitaceae Geographical source:- Found in India, Asia, Africa.

101. Cultivation & Collection:- Perennial herb. Not cultivated commercially. It bears spherical fruits which are green in colour & turns yellow when matured. (8 -10cm) After fruits are ripened they are peeled & dried in sun.

102. Structure:- Macroscopic: Colour – yellow Odour – charactristic Taste – intensely bitter Size – entire fruits 10cm(diameter) Shape – sub-spherical

103. Chemical constituents:- Contain α - elaterin . Uses:- Used as powerful purgative. Marketed product:-

104. Storax : Synonym:- Prepared storax , Purified storax . Telugu name:- Guggilam Biological source:- Useful part : Trunk Scientific name: Liquidambar orientalis Miller Family: Hamamelidaceae Geographical source:- Found in South West Asia, Turkey.

105. Storax :-

106. Cultivation & collection:- Collected from dried bark (3-4 yrs old) Bark of the plant is injured by beating by which the balsam comes out into the inner bark Total bark is peeled, inner bark is stripped off & boiled in water Balsam floats over water & is separated to yield crude storax .

107. Structure:- Macroscopy : Color - greyish or greenish brown Odour - agreeable & balsamic Taste - bitter Solubility - soluble in 90% alcohol, chloroform, ether & insoluble in water.

108. Chemical constituents:- Contains Alcoholic resin( storesin )33-45% Cinnamic acid 10-15% Cinnamyl cinnamate 5-10% Small amounts of vanillin, ethyl benzyl cinnamate .

109. Identification tests:- 1gm of storax + 5gm sand + 5ml kMnO 4 odour of benzaldehyde . Uses:- Used as stimulant, antiseptic. Adulterants & substituents :- Adulterated with rosin olive oil . Red gum / sweet gum is common substituents .

110. Marketed products:-

111. Podophyllum : Synonym:- Indian podophyllum , Himalayan may-apple. Biological source:- Useful part: dried rhizomes and roots Scientific name: Podophyllum hexandrum Royla Family: Berberidaceae Geographical source:- Found in forests of Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim.

112. Cultivation & collection:- Rhizomes & roots are obtained from wild grown plants Rhizomes remain dormant in winter & produce aerial shoots in april – may Shoots flower in summer and die in november Rhizomes and roots are dug up in spring/ autumn Washed, cleaned & dried in sun

113. Structure:- Macroscopy : Color - yellowish brown Odour - characteristic Taste - bitter Size - rhizome (2.5cm length)(1-2cm thick) roots (7cm length)(2.5mm thick) Chemical constituents:- Contains 7-15% resin ( podophyllin )

114. Microscopy:-

115. Chemical tests:- Macerate 0.5gm drug + 10ml alcohol filter + strong copper acetate solution brown ppt Uses:- Used as purgative and bitter tonic. Marketed product:-

116. Lac: Synonym: shellac Telugu name: lacca Biological source: lac is the resinous protective secretion of the tiny lac insect. Scientific name : Lacifer lacca Kerr Family: Lacciferidae Geographical source: found in Sri Lanka , Thailand , China , Indonesia , Phillipines , Malaya & Pakisthan .

117. Collection: Minute red coloured larva of insect settle on the young fleshy shoots of the host plant The insect secrete a thick resinous fluid which envelopes their body and form a hard continuous envelope over the twigs. Twigs are harvested dried & further processed to produce lac

118. Structure:- Macroscopy : Color - yellowish transparent Odour - characteristic Solubility - soluble in alcohol (80 – 85%), ether(13 – 15%) & insoluble in water. Chemical constituents:- Contains resin ,sugar , protiens ( 70 - 80%) colouring matter(1 – 2%) wax(4 – 6%) volatile oil in traces

119. Uses: Used for manufacture of sustained release medicaments. Used in preparation of varnishes , lacquers ink ,sealing wax.

120. Marketed products:-

121. Colophony: Synonym:- Rosin, Yellow resin, Amber resin. Biological source:- Useful part:trunk Scientific name : Pinus palustris Family - Pinaceae Geographical source:- Found in U.S, France, Italy, Spain, India, Pakistan.

122. Cultivation & collection:- The plant is injuried by making a long groove / blaze in the bark. A metal / earthen ware cup is attached below the groove to collect the exudate . The resin is collected at different intervals & sent for processing.

123. Structure:- Macroscopy : color - pale yellow - yellowish brown odour - faint taste - turpentine shape - angular solubility – insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, CS2. Chemical constituents:- Contains resin acid 90%(isomeric α , β , γ - abietic acid; 10% mixture of dihydoabietic acid,dehydroabietic acid) volatile oils 0.5% resenes 5-6%

124. Chemical tests :- Powdered resin + acetic acid +conc.H 2 SO 4 purple violet colour Alc. Solution of colophony + water milky white Identification tests:- 1gcolophony + 10ml acetic anhydride & +H 2 SO 4 bright red to violet Alc. Solution of colophony is acidic to litmus

125. Uses :- used as stimulant, diuretic. Used in manufacture of varnishes, soap, plastics, fire wood. Adulterants & substituents :- colophony is adulterated with black resin/ apic resin.

126. Benzoin : Synonym :- Sumatra benzoin , Loban Telugu name :- Sambrani Biological sourc e:- Useful part –Trunk Scientific name – Styrax benzoin D ryand - Sumatra benzoin Styrax tonkinesis - S iambenzoin Family – Styraceae

127. Geographical source:- Sumatra benzoin - Found in South Eastern Asia. Siam benzoin - Found in Thailand, Vietnam.

128. Cultivation & collectio n:- It is a pathological resin, collected from wild/cultivated trees(6 yrs old) Incisions are made near the base of tree Initially amorphous & yellow resinous substances is oozed out – not used in medicine The Next flow which oozes out is collected & used in medicine Solidified & drie d.

129. Structure:- macroscopic: Sumatra benzoin Colour – greyish - brown Odour – aromatic Taste – sweetish Siam benzoin Colour – yellowish-brown Odour – vanilla Taste - sweetish

130. Chemical constituents:- Sumatra Benzoin – contains free balsamic acids (benzoic& cinnamic acid) summaresinolic & siaresinolic acids Siam Benzoin – contains ester coniferyl benzoate(76%) Siam benzoin differ from Sumatra contains sufficient cinnamic acid to give an odour of benzaldehyde .

131. Chemical tests:- Alc. Solution benzoin + water milky white solution 4ml KMnO4 + Benzoin + warm odour of benzaladehyde ( sumatra benzoin ) 2.5g benzoin + 10 ml ether+ shake + 2-3 drops H 2 SO 4 deep brown ( sumatra ) & deep purplosh red ( siam )

132. Uses:- Used as carminative , diuretic. Marketed product:-

133. References: Pharmacognosy by-- Kokate , Purohit , Ghokule — 45 th edition (pg no:392 – 429) Pharmacognosy by—Shah & Seth 2 nd edition (pg no:341 – 363) Pharmacognosy by— Vinod .D. Rangari . Volume – I ( pg no :395 – 399) www.google.com RESINS

134. Thank you