Respiratory & Phonatory Systems

INTRODUCTION TO PHONETICS & PHONOLOGY from concepts to transcription
Jacqueline Bauman-Waengler
Chapter 2- AN OVERVIEW OF SPEECH PRODUCTION

3. *Aural rehabilitation is accomplished through and educational and
clinical program
*Children with more severe hearing impairments were far more
difficult to understand,
and the vowel and consonant quality of their speech was affected
*Those with milder hearing impairments were easier to understand
but often had trouble with sounds such as : “s, sh, f”
*Children with more severe hearing impairments often had a different
quality to their voice
Qu:How did the children specific hearing losses impact their
speech?
-It had to do with the degree of hearing loss and the frequencies that
were affected

4. Examines the anatomical-physiological
prerequisites sites for speech and
hearing, in particular the functional
adequacy of all structures that are a
portion of the speech process

17. •It translates data from anatomy and
physiology to their special
prerequisites for the speech process
•In it, the emphasis remain an
anatomical and physiological factors
related to the secondary functions of
speech mechanism serves in speech
production

19. Each individual with
dysarthria may
demonstrate various
types and degrees of
problems with all or
several of the 4 system
It’s a motor speech
disorder

29. Fibers are in opposite direction

30. *Diaphragm during rest
position resembles the shape
of an inverted bowl
*Posterior muscular
attachment of the diaphragm
are much lower than those in
the front of the body

31. *The shape of the
diaphragm is affected
by the organs of the
abdominal cavity upon
which it rests
(specially the liver(

33. *Muscular portion of the diaphragm
contracts
*this contraction, pulls the central tendon
down & forward
*The vertical up-and-down dimensions of
the thoracic cavity increase, the contents
of the abdominal cavity are compressed
*Contractions of the external and internal
intercostal elevate the entire rib cage

34. During respiration, lungs must increase and decrease their volume
*Lungs contain very little muscles
*This process is mediated by external force “Pleural linkage”

35. The 2 membranes are airtight, fused to each other, producing
small amount of fluid that provides smooth, lubricated movement of
the lungs during respiration

36. There is an powerful negative pressure between the 2
pleural membrane, links the costal & visceral membranes so
closely that the lungs cohere to the thoracic wall
Movement of the thoracic cavity  Movement of the lungs
Dimension of the thoracic cavity increase, Lungs enlarge

40. That area below the vocal folds
Speech production necessitate a regulated
amount of sub-glottal pressure over a wide range
of volumes
The space between the vocal folds
Opened glottis

41. The equalization of various lung volumes and pressure levels is
done by an interplay between inspiratory and expiratory muscles
To maintain a consonant loudness level during the whole utterance,
the outflow of the air must somehow be equalized

43. Most important part

52. When contracted, the infrahyoids pull the entire larynx down, while contraction of
the suprahyoids elevates the entire larynx (occur during swallowing(

55. *Rarely do individual muscles act to execute a
movement.
*They work in pairs or in a group to produce a delicate
interplay of various muscle actions producing an
appropriate movement

58. *The average number of glottal openings per second is known as person’s
fundamental frequency
*One’s fundamental frequency is related to his perceived vocal pitch
*Females have a higher range of fundamental frequencies than males
*Changes in tension of the vocal folds are primarily responsible for variations in
fundamental frequency
*Changes in vocal loudness result from variations in subglottal air pressure,
which varies the amplitude of the vocal folds’ vibratory cycle
*Vibration of the vocal folds is also important for the voiced-voiceless
oppositions of speech sounds
*The consistent cyclic vibration of the vocal folds also plays a role in the quality
or timber of the voice
*Timber refers to the tonal quality the differentiates 2 sounds of the same pitch,
loudness, and duration
*If vocal folds vibrate aperiodically, we perceive this as an abnormal voice
quality
*Regular cyclic, periodic vocal folds vibration and functional unity between the
respiratory and phonatory systems are necessary for a vocal timber that is
considered to be within normal limits

59. *Some abnormal vocal folds conditions (caused by
vocal abuse) can lead to changes in the fundamental
frequency
*The vocal folds may become thickened, characterized
typically by a lowering of the fundamental frequency
*Polyps and nodules can also cause changes in
fundamental frequency
*Individuals who use and possible abuse their voice a
lot, may develop these abnormal vocal folds conditions