Respiratory emergency

Respiratory emergency

1. RESPIRATORY EMERGENCY PREPARED BY, Mrs. Rijo Lijo Lecturer.

2. DEFINITION Respiratory emergencies are medical emergencies characterized by difficulty breathing or an inability to breathe at all.

3. TYPES OF RESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES Asthma. Emphysema. Bronchitis. Hyperventilation. Anaphylactic shock. COPD.

4. ASTHMA DEFINTION Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that causes airway hyper- responsiveness, mucosal edema, and mucus production.

5. ETIOLOGY OF ASTHMA 1)Environmental Factors: Air pollutants. Smoking. Dust. Pets. Chemicals. 2)Genetic Factors : Family history. Certain genes.

6. MANAGEMENT OF ASTHMA MEDICATION Inhaled short-acting beta-2-agonists: Help in dilation of airways. Eg:Albuterol . Inhaled steroids: Help in reducing the inflammation. Eg : Fluticasone . Inhaled long-acting beta-2-agonists: Help in dilation of airways. Eg:Eformoterol .

7. Leukotriene-modifying agents: Help in both dilation of airways and reducing inflammation. Eg:Zafirlukast . Theophylline: Help in dilation of airways. Eg:Theophylline . Beta-2-agonist tablets : Help in dilation of airways. Eg:Levalbuterol . Steroid tablets: Help in reducing the inflammation. Eg:Prednisone .

8. NUTRITION FOOD TO EAT: Foods rich in Vitamin C like kiwis, broccoli, berries, oranges and tomatoes Foods rich in Vitamin E like almonds, spinach and sweet potato Foods rich in Omega-3 fatty acids like canola oil, cod liver oil, flaxseed oil and mustard oil

9. FOOD TO AVOID: Dried fruits like dried apricot Alcoholic drinks like wine or beer Frozen or prepared shrimp Food with high amount of sulphites and preservatives like pickles Food that is allergic to your body

10. EMPHYSEMA. DEFINITION A lung disease which results in shortness of breath due to over-swelling of the alveoli.

11. ETIOLOGY OF EMPHYSEMA Tobacco smoke. Marijuana smoke. Air pollution. Chemical fumes. Dust.

12. MANAGEMENT OF EMPHYSEMA MEDICATION Bronchodilators : Helps relieve cough and eases breathing. Eg:Salmeterol . Corticosteroid drugs : Inhaled through inhalers, reduces irritation and helps breathe normally. Eg : Beclomethasone .

13. BRONCHITIS Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi (large and medium-sized airways) in the lungs that causes coughing.

14. ETIOLOGY OF BRONCHITIS Bronchitis happens when a virus, bacteria, or irritant particles trigger an inflammation of the bronchial tubes. Smoking.

15. MANAGEMENT OF BRONCHITIS Medications like antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and bronchodilators to open the airways . A mucus-clearing device to help to cough up fluid more easily. Oxygen therapy to breathe better. Pulmonary rehabilitation, an exercise program that can help to breathe more easily and exercise more.

16. BRONCHITIS PREVENTION To lower the chances of getting acute bronchitis or a flare-up of chronic bronchitis: Stay away from cigarette smoke. Get the flu vaccine since client can get bronchitis from the flu virus. Make sure pertussis vaccine is up to date. Wash the hands often. Wear a mask when going around things that bother the lungs, such as paint fumes.

17. HYPERVENTILATION. Hyperventilation is a condition in which the patient start to breathe very fast.

18. ETIOLOGY OF HYPERVENTILATION Anxiety. Panic. Nervousness. Stress.

19. MANAGEMENT OF HYPERVENTILATION Self-treatment: Self- care steps that may be helpful in some less- serious cases: Relax and take rest.

20. ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK Is an extreme, often life-threatening allergic reaction to an antigen to which the body has become hypersensitive.

21. ETIOLOGY OF ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK Medication. peanuts. tree nuts. insect stings. fish, shellfish, and milk . Other causes may include exercise and latex.

22. MANAGEMENT OF ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK Medication Epinephrine injection : To reduce an allergic response. Eg:Epinephrine . Intravenous (IV) antihistamines and cortisone : Reduces inflammation of air passages. Eg:Cetirizine . Beta-agonist : It relieves breathing problems. Eg:Albuterol .

23. COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of obstructive lung disease characterized by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow.

24. ETIOLOGY OF COPD Smoking. Air pollution. Occupational exposure- Intense and prolonged exposure to workplace dusts, chemicals and fumes. Genetics. Infectious diseases such as AIDS and tuberculosis increase risk of COPD.

25. MANAGEMENT OF COPD Medication Bronchodilators: To relax the muscles of the airways and improve breathing. They are often administered through inhalers. Eg:Albuterol . Glucocorticosteroids : To reduce inflammation in the airways. Eg:Beclomethasone . Antibiotics: May be prescribed to avoid or cure lung infections. Eg:Azithromycin .

26. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF COPD Bullectomy : Advised in case other treatments fail to reduce symptoms. In this procedure, the enlarged air sacs are removed from lungs. Lung transplantation : Diseased lungs are replaced with a healthy lung from a donor.

27. THERAPIES OF COPD Therapy Oxygen therapy: To help improve breathing. Pulmonary rehabilitation: Working with a team of specialists to learn, practice, and improve breathing and physical activity.