Respiratory system

In this ppt, the components of respiratory system, mechanism of breathing and how the regular exercise habits benefits our respiratory system.

1. Respiratory system Jegatheeswari Karthik

2. Importance of respiration All living organisms respire in order to obtain energy for various vital activities …. Growth Movement Reproduction

3. respiration definition In the living cell, the oxidative breakdown of organic substances with the release of energy and the conversion of potential energy into kinetic energy.

4. respiratory system The system formed by organs, which are concerned for the exchange of gases between the environment and living organisms.

5. respiratory system components Nose Nasal cavity Larynx Pharynx Trachea Bronchiole Lungs Alveoli Diaphragm

6. respiratory system

7. respiratory system- nose Part of the face centered above the mouth and below the space between the eyes. Nostrils provide entrance to the nasal cavity. Acts as internal hair filter. Provides resonating chambers for speech sounds.

8. respiratory system- nasal cavity Hollow space behind the nose. Conducts air into pharynx. It’s mucous lining warms and moistens the air.

9. respiratory system- pharynx Chamber behind mouth cavity and between nasal cavity and larynx. Passage way for air from nasal cavity to larynx. Passage way for food from mouth cavity to oesophagus .

10. respiratory system- larynx Enlarged upper end of the trachea. Composed of muscles and cartilages bounded by elastic tissue. Passage way for air. Prevents foreign objects from entering trachea and houses vocal cords. Filters the incoming air by trapping dust particles.

11. respiratory system- Trachea Flexible tube, which connects larynx to the bronchial tree 1.5 cms in length 2.5 cms in diameter. Passage way for air It’s mucous lining continues to filter the incoming air and protect against dust.

12. respiratory system- Bronchial tree Branched tubes that lead from the trachea to the alveoli. Conducts air from the trachea to the alveoli. It’s mucous lining continues to filter the air.

13. respiratory system- lungs Soft, spongy, paired, cone shaped organs. Occupies large portion of thoracic cavity. Right lung is larger and divided in to 3 lobes. Left lung is smaller and divided into 2 lobes.

14. respiratory system- lungs Contains air passages, alveoli, blood vessels connective tissues, lymphatic vessels and nerves of the lower respiratory tract. Helpful in gaseous exchange. Gets oxygen to the blood and takes away carbon di oxide through inhalation and exhalation.

15. respiratory system- bronchi The passage way into the lungs. Connection between the rest of the respiratory tract and lungs. Carries oxygen rich air to the lungs during inhalation. Let carbon di oxide rich air out of the lungs during exhalation.

16. respiratory system- bronchioles The passage way to the alveoli. From bronchi, the oxygen rich air travels to alveoli through bronchioles. In alveoli gaseous exchange takes place.

17. respiratory system-alveoli Small balloon like sacs. 200-500 micrometer in diameter. Vital part Gets oxygen into the blood stream for transport to the tissues and to remove carbon di oxide from the blood stream.

18. respiratory system-diaphragm Separates thoracic cavity, from abdominal cavity. Serves as the primary muscle of inspiration. Helps in breathing, vomiting and throwing up urine from the body.

19. functions of the respiratory system Provides oxygen to the body cells. Eliminates carbon di oxide produced by the body cells. Regulates pH of blood. Defends the body against microbes. Forms speech sounds.

20. functions of the respiratory system The respiratory system can reduce blood pH by removing CO2 from the blood. The chemical reactions that regulate the levels of CO2 and carbonic acid occur in the lungs when blood travels through the lung's pulmonary capillaries .

21. Mechanics of breathing Oxygen and carbon di oxide exchange contains two parts. External respiration Internal respiration

22. External respiration Also called as breathing. Occurs between inhaled air in the pulmonary alveolus and the deoxygenated pulmonary blood in the capillaries. It results in the conversion of deoxygenated blood coming from the heart into oxygenated blood. Exchange of gases takes place by diffusion.

23. External respiration Blood is purified by removing carbon di oxide. External respiration makes internal respiration possible as oxygen rich blood goes to different parts of body. It is a physical process.

24. internal respiration It is also called as cellular respiration. chemical process Includes interchange of gases by diffusion between the body fluid and tissue cells. Oxygen combines with glucose to form carbon di oxide , water and energy.

25. internal respiration Deoxygenated blood is carried to the heart and then to the lungs for another cycle of external respiration.

26. Difference between breathing and cellular respiration Breathing Cellular respiration Physical process. Involves exchange of gases. Chemical process, which involves oxidation of glucose Takes place outside the cell Takes place inside the cell It does not require enzymes It requires enzymes

27. diffusion of respiratory gases in alveoli Inhaled oxygen enters the lungs and reaches alveoli The layers of cells lining the alveoli and the surrounding capillaries are only one cell thick and in very close contact with each other. The barrier between ear and the blood is about on micron. Oxygen passes quickly through this barrier.

28. mechanism of breathing It involves two processes: Inspiration: Process of taking in air from the atmosphere into the lungs Expiration: Process of getting rid of the air from the lungs to the atmosphere

29. inspiration Also called as inhalation Is the result of increase in size of thoracic cavity This increase is due to the combined action of ribs and diaphragm The ribs are moved upward and outward by the muscles stretched between them This enlarges the chest cavity all around

30. inspiration Diaphragm is a sheet of muscular tissue It normally remains arched upward like a dome towards the base of lungs On contraction it falls or flattens from the dome shaped outline to horizontal plane. It contributes to the enlargement of the chest cavity length wise As the diaphragm flattens it presses the organs inside the abdomen The abdominal muscles relax and the abdominal wall moves outward

31. inspiration Decreased pressure inside the lungs draws the air inward When the thoracic cavity increases in size the pressure in the pleural cavity is decreased. The lungs expand and as a result the pressure inside the lungs is lowered below the atmospheric pressure. The outside air which is at a greater pressure rushes in to equalize the pressure.

32. expiration Is the result of reverse movements of ribs and diaphragm. Ribs move downward and inward. Diaphragm is relaxed and becomes dome shape again. The cavity of thorax is diminished and the lungs are compressed, forcing the air outside.

33. breathing During rest, we breathe 16 times a minute. 0.5-3 liters of air is inhaled in every breathe. If we engage in physical activities, the rate of breathing increases. It can go upto 50 times a minute.

34. Oxygen debt A temporary oxygen shortage in the body tissues arising from exercise. Oxygen debt occurs  when the body reaches a state of anaerobic respiration during intense exercise. ... The body compensates for this temporary  oxygen deficit  by taking in more  oxygen  after a heavy workout.

35. Lactic acid accumulation Lactic acid is produced in your muscles and builds  up during intense exercise . It can lead to painful, sore muscles. Lactic acid buildup due to exercise is usually temporary and not cause for a lot of concern, but it can affect your workouts by causing discomfort. Lactic Acid Buildup Causes Muscle  Fatigue and Soreness.

36. Lactic acid accumulation Lactate  is  cleared  from blood, primarily by the liver, with the kidneys (10-20%) and skeletal muscles doing so to a lesser degree. It can be relieved by Stay hydrated. Make sure you're staying hydrated, ideally before, during, and after strenuous exercise. ... Rest between workouts. ... Breathe well. ... Warm up and stretch. ... Get plenty of magnesium. ... Drink orange juice.

37. Second wind Second wind is a phenomenon in distance running, such as marathons or road running (as well as other sports), whereby  an athlete who is out of breath and too tired to continue suddenly finds the strength to press on at top performance with less exertion . When the body properly regulates respiration to meet the long-term demands of steady-state exercise, muscles begin operating more efficiently, breathing evens out and fatigue is decreased compared to earlier in the run, resulting in the sensation of a  second wind .

38. Second wind Some scientists believe that the second wind is the result of the body finding the proper balance of oxygen to counteract the building of lactic acid in the muscles. Others claim it is because of endorphin production.

39. Composition of inspired and expired air

40. Vital capacity Vital capacity (VC) is  the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation . It is equal to the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume .

41. Tidal volume , inspiratory reserve volume Tidal volume.  The amount of air you typically breathe into your lungs  when at rest and when extra effort is not applied. The average tidal volume is about 500 mL for both men and women. Inspiratory reserve volume . The amount of extra air inhaled — above tidal volume — during a forceful breath in. When you exercise, you have a reserve volume to tap into as your tidal volume increases. The average inspiratory reserve volume is about 3000 mL in males and 2100 mL in females.

42. Aerobic and anaerobic respiration Aerobic respiration- Takes place in the presence of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration- Takes place in the less presence or absence of oxygen. Lactic acid accumulation

43. anaerobic respiration Unlike aerobic respiration,  anaerobic respiration  does not need oxygen. It is the release of a relatively small amount of energy in cells by the breakdown of food substances in the absence of oxygen or less presence of oxygen.

44. anaerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration in muscles Anaerobic respiration happens in muscles during hard exercise: glucose → lactic acid C 6 H 12 O 6  → 2C 3 H 6 O 3 Glucose  is not completely broken down, so much less energy is released than during aerobic respiration.

45. anaerobic respiration There is a build-up of  lactic acid  in the muscles during vigorous exercise. The lactic acid needs to be  oxidised  to carbon dioxide and water later. This causes an  oxygen debt  - known as excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) - that needs to be ‘repaid’ after the exercise stops. This is why we keep on breathing deeply for a few minutes after we have finished exercising.

46. Anoxia Anoxia happens when your body or brain completely loses its oxygen supply. Anoxia is usually a result of hypoxia. This means that a part of your body doesn’t have enough oxygen. When your body is harmed by a lack of oxygen, it’s called a hypoxic-anoxic injury. Hypoxia can be a consequence of many conditions. These include: low oxygen at high altitudes significant blood loss carbon monoxide and other poisonings breathing difficulties that lower oxygen supply, like asthma or pneumonia low blood flow to organs, such as from a stroke or heart problem sudden injuries that affect breathing, such as near-drowning or choking

47. asphyxia a condition arising when the body is deprived of oxygen, causing unconsciousness or death; suffocation.

48. Benefits of exercise on the respiratory system Increase in tidal volume and vitality. Respiratory muscles become strong. Increase in aerobic endurance. Also known as  aerobic  fitness, cardiorespiratory  endurance , cardiovascular  endurance  or good old-fashioned stamina,  aerobic endurance  is your ability to keep exercising at moderate intensity for extended periods of time. That will account for the majority of your training runs, swims and cycles

49. Benefits of exercise on the respiratory system 4. Faster rate of recovery to perform a physical activity. 5. Expansion of chest 6. Increase in number of alveoli and faster alveoli functioning, 7. Faster removal of carbon di oxide 8. Maintenance of water balance