Reuse of used Water-Standards of Reuse of Used Water

Reuse of used Water

1. Round Table on Circularity in Used Water “Standards of Reuse of Used Water” and “Reuse of Used Water in Industry – Status & Way Forward”

2. Circularity in Used Water: Principle

3. Reuse of Used water Industrial application Recreational, toilet flushing etc. Landscape Irrigation Fresh Water Domestic Used Water Treated Used Water Agricultural Back to Industrial process Used in other Industrial Process ( eg –cooling tower, dust separation etc.) Fresh Water Industrial Used Water Treated Used Water Landscape Irrigation

4. Used water management: Technological options

5. Philosophy of Used Water Treatment Subjected to compliance of discharge norms and Reuse standards as per area of utility

6. Effluent Discharge Standards Discharge standard for treated wastewater from STPs and CETPs Industry specific treated effluent discharge standards – 81 sectors General effluent discharge standards Specific wastewater generation standards for 9 major industrial sectors Specific water consumption standards for thermal power plants Charter norms adopted in Ganga Basin Norms for specific freshwater consumption and effluent discharge as per charter in five major Industrial sectors- Pulp & Paper, Sugar, Distillery, Textile and Tannery ZLD in molasses based Distillery Zero black liquor discharge from Pulp & Paper

7. S. No Parameters Typical Sewage Characteristics (CPHEEO, 2013) General Standards for Industrial Discharge of Environmental Pollutants Part-A: Effluents* MoEF&CC Notification for Sewage Discharge (October 2017)** Standards for Sewage Discharge (NGT order 30.04.2019)** Inland Surface water Public sewer Land for irrigation Marine coastal area 1 pH 6.5 – 8 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0 6.5-9.0 5.5-9.0 2 BOD (mg/L) 250 30 350 100 100 <30 and <20 (metro cities) 10 3 COD (mg/L) 425 250 - - 250 No limit 50 4 TSS (mg/L) 375 100 600 200 100 <100 and <50 (metro cities) 20 5 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (mg/L) 50 100 - - 100 No limit 10 6 Ammonical Nitrogen as N (mg/L) 32.5 50 - - 50 No limit - 7  Phosphorus- P (mg/L) 7.1 No limit 1 8 Fecal Coliform (FC)  (MPN/100 mL ) 10 9 - 10 9 - - - - <1000 <230 Indian Discharge Standards (General Standards, MoEF&CC and NGT notifications) *Industrial discharge, only for sectors with no notified Industry specific norms ** Sewage Discharge Standards

8. Guidelines for Reuse of Used Water S. No. Parameter Toilet flushing Fire protection Vehicle Exterior washing Non-contact impoundments Landscaping, Horticulture & Agriculture Horticulture, Golf course Crops Non edible crops crops which are eaten Raw Cooked 1 Turbidity (NTU) <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 AA <2 AA 2 SS nil nil nil nil nil 30 nil 30 3 TDS 2100 4 pH 6.5 to 8.3 5 Temperature °C Ambient 6 Oil & Grease 10 nil nil nil 10 10 nil nil 7 Minimum Residual Chlorine 1 1 1 0.5 1 nil nil nil 8 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen as N 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 BOD 10 10 10 10 10 20 10 20 10 COD AA AA AA AA AA 30 AA 30 11 Dissolved Phosphorous as P 1 1 1 1 2 5 2 5 12 Nitrate Nitrogen as N 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 13 Faecal Coliform in 100 ml nil nil nil nil nil 230 nil 230 14 Helminthic Eggs/ litre AA AA AA AA AA <1 <1 <1 15 Colour Colourless Colourless Colourless Colourless Colourless AA Colourless Colourless 16 Odour Aseptic which means not septic and no foul odour Source: CPHEEO, 2013

9. Reuse Category Category Description Treatment Reclaimed Water Quality Comments Urban Reuse Unrestricted ( non-potable applications in municipal settings where public access is not restricted) Secondary Filtration and Disinfection US- EPA pH = 6.0-9.0, BOD ≤ 10 mg/l, Turbidity ≤ 2, No detectable FC/100 ml, Residual Chlorine ≤ 1 mg/l IS 456:2000 and IS 3025 (for Construction) pH>6, Residual Chlorine < 2000 mg/l for PCC and <500 mg/l for RCC, Sulphate <400mg/l, Organic <200mg/l, Inorganic <3000 mg/l, TSS <2000 mg/l Chemical (coagulant and/or polymer) addition prior to filtration. Reclaimed water should be clear and odourless. Chlorine residual > 0.5 mg/l is recommended Restricted ( non-potable applications in municipal settings where public access is controlled or restricted) Secondary and Disinfection US- EPA pH = 6.0-9.0 BOD ≤ 30 mg/l TSS ≤ 30 mg/l ≤ 200 fecal coliform /100 ml Residual Chlorine ≤1 mg/l For spray irrigation, TSS < 30 mg/l to avoid clogging of sprinkler head Higher level of disinfection (e.g. < 14 fecal coli/100 ml) should be provided when frequent worker contact with reclaimed water Standards for Reuse of Used Water

10. Reuse Category Category Description Treatment Reclaimed Water Quality Comments Agricultural Reuse Food Crops (Intended for human consumption, consumed raw) Secondary Filtration and Disinfection US-EPA pH = 6.0-9.0, BOD ≤ 10 mg/l, Turbidity ≤ 2, No detectable FC/100 ml, Residual Chlorine ≤ 1 mg/l CPHEEO, 2013 TSS< nil, TDS<2100, pH - 6.5 to 8.3, Oil & Grease-nil, Residual Chlorine-nil, Total Nitrogen <10 mg/l, BOD<10 mg/l, COD-AA, Dissolved Phosphorous <2 mg/l , Nitrate <10 mg/l, FC in 100 ml - nil, Helminthic Eggs/ litre<1 The reclaimed water should not contain measurable levels of pathogens Higher chlorine residual and/or a longer contact time for higher level of disinfection High nutrient levels may adversely affect some crops Processed Food Crops (intended for human consumption, commercially processed.) and Non-Food Crops (not consumed by humans, including fodder, fiber , and seed crops, or to irrigate pasture land, commercial nurseries, and sod farms. ) Secondary and Disinfection US-EPA pH = 6.0-9.0, BOD ≤ 30 mg/l, Turbidity ≤ 30 mg/l, ≤ 200 fecal coliform /100 ml, Residual Chlorine ≤ 1 mg/l CPHEEO, 2013 For Non-edible crops/ crops which are eaten after cooking TSS< 30, TDS<2100, pH - 6.5 to 8.3, Oil & Grease<10 mg/l, Residual Chlorine-nil, Total Nitrogen <10 mg/l, BOD<20 mg/l, COD<30 mg/l, Dissolved Phosphorous <5 mg/l, Nitrate <10 mg/l, FC in 100 ml<230, Helminthic Eggs/ litre For spray irrigation, TSS <30 mg/l to avoid clogging of sprinkler head. High nutrient levels may adversely affect some crops Milking animals should either be grazing for 15 days after irrigation ceases or higher level of disinfection (e.g. < 14 fecal coli/100 ml) should be achieved Standards for Reuse of Used Water

11. Reuse Category Category Description Treatment Reclaimed Water Quality Comments Impoundments Unrestricted (no limitations are imposed on body-contact.) Secondary Filtration and Disinfection US-EPA pH = 6.0-9.0, BOD ≤ 10 mg/l, Turbidity ≤ 2, No detectable FC/100 ml, Residual Chlorine ≤ 1 mg/l Dechlorination to protect aquatic species of flora and fauna Reclaimed water should be non-irritating to skin & eyes, clear and odorless . Nutrient removal may be necessary to avoid algae growth in impoundments. Restricted (body-contact is restricted) Secondary and Disinfection US-EPA pH = 6.0-9.0, BOD ≤ 30 mg/l, TSS ≤ 30 mg/l, ≤ 200 fecal coliform /100 ml, Residual Chlorine ≤1 mg/l CPHEEO, 2013 pH 6.5 to 8.3, Turbidity <2, TDS< 2100 mg/l, Residual Chlorine <0.5 mg/l, Total N<10 mg/l, BOD<10 mg/l, Dissolved Phosphorous <1 mg/l, Nitrate Nitrogen <5 mg/l, Faecal Coliform nil Dechlorination to protect aquatic species of flora and fauna Nutrient removal to avoid algae growth in impoundments Standards for Reuse of Used Water

12. Reuse Category Category Description Treatment Reclaimed Water Quality Comments Environmental Reuse Create wetlands, enhance natural wetlands, or sustain stream flows. Secondary and Disinfection US-EPA pH = 6.0-9.0 BOD ≤ 30 mg/l TSS ≤ 30 mg/l ≤ 200 fecal coliform /100 ml Residual Chlorine ≤1 mg/l Dechlorination to protect aquatic species of flora and fauna Possible effects on groundwater should be evaluated. Receiving water quality requirements may necessitate additional treatment. Temperature of reclaimed water should not adversely affect ecosystem Industrial Reuse Cooling Towers Secondary and Disinfection US-EPA pH = 6.0-9.0 BOD ≤ 30 mg/l TSS ≤ 30 mg/l ≤ 200 fecal coliform /100 ml Residual Chlorine ≤ 1 mg/l Windblown spray should not reach areas accessible to workers or the public. Additional treatment by user is usually provided to prevent scaling, corrosion, biological growths, fouling and foaming. Standards for Reuse of Used Water

13. Reuse Category Category Description Treatment Reclaimed Water Quality Comments Groundwater Recharge – Non-potable Reuse Groundwater Recharge by Spreading into Potable Aquifers; Injection into Potable Aquifers; Augmentation of Surface Water Supply Reservoirs Secondary Filtration, Disinfection and Soil aquifer treatment / Advanced wastewater treatment US-EPA pH = 6.5-8.5 Turbidity ≤ 2 TOC ≤ 2 mg/l No detectable FC/100 ml Residual Chlorine ≤ 1 mg/l Meet drinking water standards Facility should be designed to ensure that no reclaimed water reaches potable water supply aquifers. Higher chlorine residual and/or a longer contact time for higher level of disinfection The reclaimed water should be retained underground for at least 2 months prior to withdrawal. Dilution with water of non-wastewater origin to help meet TOC limit. Recharge by Spreading – Secondary treatment to prevent clogging Depth to groundwater should be at least 6 feet (2m) Recommended treatment is site-specific depending soil characteristics and native groundwater quality Recharge by Injection – Filtration and disinfection may be needed to prevent clogging Monitoring wells to detect recharge of groundwater. Recharge by Augmentation of Surface Water – Recommended log-reductions of viruses, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium Standards for Reuse of Used Water

14. Notified standard vis-à-vis Charter norms Notified Standards Charter Norms   Large Scale (> 24,000 MT Annually ) Small Scale (<24,000 MT Annually) Agro & wood based Pulp & Paper Industry (equivalent to large Scale) Waste paer based Pulp & Paper Industry (Equivalent to small scale) pH 7-8.5 5.5-9 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 BOD (mg/L) 30 30 20 20 COD (mg/L) 350 - 200 150 TSS (mg/L) 50 100 30 30 AOX (kg/tonne) 1 2 8 - SAR - 26 10 8 TDS (mg/L)     1800 1600 Color (PCU)     250 150 Effluent discharge (KL/MT) 200 Agro based: 200 Wastepaper based: 75    

15. Notified standard vis-à-vis Charter norms Notified Standards Parameters Sugar Textile pH 5.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 BOD (mg/L) 30 (Surface water); 100 (Land) 30 TSS (mg/L) 30 (Surface); 100 (Land) 100 Oil & Grease (mg/L) 10 10 TDS (mg/L) 2100 2100 Effluent discharge (L/T ) 200 - Ammonical Nitrogen (mg/L) 50 SAR 26 Phenolic compounds (mg/L) 1 COD (mg/L) 250 Color (PCU) 150

16. Gap in Standards of Reuse of Used water Only industry specific effluent discharge/ sewage discharge standards are notified General discharge norms (land Irrigation) applicable only for industries which do not have notified discharge standards under the Environmental (Protection) Rule, 1986 CPHEEO manual is only guideline. No notified standard for reuse of used water for different purposes. Incompatibility between discharge standards & reuse of used water quality

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