Review of literature [Autosaved].pptx

NURSING RESEARCH:REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1. Review of literature

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Selected Definitions 1. Literature review : Review of literature is a summary of current theoretical and scientific knowledge about a particular problem, which includes what is known and not known about the problem.  2. CINAHL - Cumulative index to nursing and allied health literature.  3. Abstracts : These are summarized articles which have appeared in other journals.  4. Gray Literature : Refers to studies with more limited distribution such as conference papers, unpublished reports, dissertation

3. Introduction: Review of literature is an essential step in research project.  It provides bases for further investigation ;  justify the need for study ;  throws light on the flexibility of study reveals constraints of data collection and re- lates the findings, development from the study of another with a hope to establish a comprehensive s tudy of scientific knowledge in a professional discipline, from which valid theories developed  A literature review helps to lay the foundation for the study and also inspire new research ideas.  A literature review provide readers with the background for understanding current knowledge on a topic and elucidate the significance of new study.  It assists in interpreting study findings and on developing implication and recommendation.

4. Key electronic data bases for nurse researcher CINAHL – cumulative index to nursing and allied health literature MEDLINE - (Medical literature on-line) 3. I.S.I.  (Institute for Scientific Information) 4. AIDSEARCH - (Includes more than twenty aids research data base) 5. CANCER LIT (Cancer literature) 6. EMBASE – (The excerpty medical data base) 7. HAPI – (Health and psychosocial instruments database) 8. ERIC - (Education Resources Information Center database) 9. PSYCINFO – Psychology Information 10. Dissertation Abstracts online 11. Cochrane databse of systematic reviews

5. DEFINITION ❖ A literature review is an assessment of a body of research that addresses a research question. ❖ An organized written presentation of what has been published on a topic by the scholars. (Burns and Grove, 2005) ❖ An Account of what has been published by accredited scholars and researchers. (Taylor, 2011)

6.   Characteristics of a Good Quality Review of Literature ❖ A good review of literature must be comprehensive. ❖ It should include up-to-date references. ❖ It should be systemic. ❖ It should be reproducible. ❖ It should be free from bias. ❖ It should be well written. ❖ It should be in the form of sum of its parts. ❖ It should be clearly searched and selected. ❖ Accurate references should be given in the review.

7.  Factors Affecting Review of Literature ❖Researcher’s Background An experienced researcher finds it easy to prepare a review of literature than a beginner. ❖Complexity of the research project It is easy to collect review of literature for simple and easy research projects than complex ones. ❖Availability of resources Availability of resources like computer, internet facility, online and offline journal subscription makes it easy to prepare a good review of literature. ❖Study time frame To conduct a relevant review of literature sufficient time is needed. ❖Availability of support system If there are many research scholars involved in the research then a good review of literature can be gathered .

8. Types of Review of Literature : Traditional or Narrative Review of Literature •This type Critique and summarize literature to draw conclusion about a topic. Systemic Review of Literature •This method uses more well defined approach, mainly used for making a complete list of all published and unpublished studies relating to a particular topic. Meta Analysis • This type of review takes large quantitate findings and conducts a statistical analysis to integrate those findings enhance understanding. Meta Synthesis • This is a non-statistical method used to integrate and evaluate and interpret the findings of multiple similar quantitative studies, to identify the common elements .

9.   Sources of the literature review: Literature can be reviewed from two main sources, that is primary and secondary sources;  however, literature review mostly relies on primary source.  Primary Sources Primary sources are original, peer-reviewed, and published research journal articles reported by original researchers.   In other words, primary sources are the research reports, which are description of studies written by researchers who conducted them.  A primary source is written ten by a person who developed the theory or conducted the research,or is the description of an investigation written by the person who conducted it.  Most primary sources are found in published literature;  for example, a nursing research article.  A credible literature review reflects the use of mainly primary sources.

10. Secondary sources are usually paraphrased and may be based on the secondary author's interpretation of the primary work;  it is necessary then to review primary source whenever possible to ensure accuracy However, secondary sources may be used when primary sources are not available or if researchers want external opinions on an issue or problem or even the results of their own research.  Example of a Secondary Source A literature review on patient experiences in the ICU: Stein- Parbury , J. & Mckinley , S. (2000).  Patient experiences of being in an intensive care unit: a select literature review.  American Journal of Critical Care, 9, 20-27 . 

11. The main sources from where literature can be searched are as follows : 1. Electronic sources : Computer-assisted literature search has revolutionized the review of literature.  These searches, however, for a variety of reasons may not provide the desired references.  Electronic literature search through web may be very useful, but sometimes it can be time consuming and unpredictable because there are many websites and web pages that can lead to information overload and confusion.  However, currently it is one of the most important sources of literature searches.  General literature search can be conducted through search engines, like Yahoo ( www.yahoosearch.com ), Google ( www.google.com ), MSN search, Lycos, WebCrawler, Alta Vista, or Excite;  and scientific nursing literature may be located at several available database sources.  It is appropriate to define the database and to indicate how it is different from a search en gine .  As mentioned above, Google is a search engine and MEDLINE is a database

12. A search engine is a collection of software programs that collect information from the Web, index it and put it in a format that is accessible visually on screen at an on-site library or in downloadable, readable written format.  In contrast, a database is an organized body of related information arranged for speed of access and retrieval.  In other words, a database is a storage location like a library, where information is stored, catalogued, maintained, and uploaded systematically. 

13. The two main types of database that are available are bibliographic and full-text database.  Bibliographic database gives only direction on where to find the information, whereas full-text database contains the information itself (full re search articles in downloadable format).  However , the most useful and relevant nursing databases are as follows : • CINAHL ( Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature ) : Accessible at  http://www.cinahl.com  , it contains citations of nursing literature published after 1988 It  is an extremely important electronic database for nurses.  It covers references to virtually all English-language nursing and allied health journals, as well as to books, book chapters, nursing dissertation and selected conference proceedings in nursing and allied health fields Even full-text articles are available on CINAHL Plus, a paid web page

14. MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieved System Online): It is another electronic source of literature review commonly used by nurses.   The National Library of Medicine provides free access to MEDLINE through PubMed, available at www.  pubmed.com  or  http://www.ncbi.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi .  Generally, abstracts of research articles are provided free of cost;  some of the full-text copies are also freely available and some others are available for a fee • PubMed : PubMed can be used to search research abstracts, available at  http://wwwpubmed.com .   • British Nursing Index : The British Nursing Index (BNI) is a leading UK nursing database providing bibliographic references to journal articles from all the major British nursing and midwifery journals, as well as a selection of English-language international journals.  It is available from the Royal College of Nursing Library e-library database:  http://www.proquest.com/products-services/bni.html .

15.   • MedlinePlus : It is the National Library of Medicine's websites for consumer health information.  It is available at  http://www.medlineplus.gov .  • Nursing and Health Science : It is a full-text collection of 24 journals published by Sage Publication.  Registry of Nursing Research : Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing makes this database available through its Virginia Henderson International Nursing Library.  Access to this database has been redesigned and made easier for users to obtain evidence and scientific findings from more than 2200 research articles and conference abstracts.  The research abstracts are searched via key words, author, and title of the research study.  Free access to this database may be found at  http://www.nursinglibrary.org Cochrane database of system reviews : Health care-related literature can be searched from this source, available at  http://www.cochrane.org .  • PsycINFO : The PsycINFO database belongs to the American Psychological Association, and covers literature from psychological or related disciplines.  It may be searched at  http://wwwpsychinfo.com . 

16. • Education Resource Information Center (ERIC): It is a freely available database that is sponsored by the institute of education and the US Department of Education, which has literature on education with about 600 journals, reference books, conference papers and technical reports.  A free search may be carried out at  https://eric.ed.gov . ProQuest Dissertation and Theses Database : It is an official repository for the US Library Congress developed by PQDT Global.  It is a single point access to more than 2 million full text dissertations.  It may be searched at  http://www.proquest.com . Web of Science : It is a multidisciplinary database,which has a collection of more than 5600 journals across disciplines. It may be searched at https://login.webofknowledge.com

17. Online Journals: Following are the website addresses for journals and magazines that are available online http://www.nursefriendly.com/nursing/linksections/nursingjournal.html   http://www.nsna.org   http://www.healthweb.org   http://www.ispub.com/ostia/index.php   http : //www.healthweb.org.browse.cfm ?  category 1727 =   http://www.juns.nursing.arizona.edu   http://www.medbioworld.com http://www.nursingworld.org/ojin   •  http://www.eaa-knowledge.com/ojni/#  •  http://www.nursingweek.com

18. Other online databases : Many other online Databases can be searched for free by nurses from the following websites ( In Table also presents some of the free open online access for literature review ): TAB: Free Online Access to the Scientific Nursing / Health Science Literature Although complete open access to research results is not yet available, there are sources that nurses and other health care professionals can use to access free evidence for practice.  In US, the National Institute for Health operates a website (www.guideline gov) that publishes a broad range of practice guidelines.  Some of the international open access resources include the following websites, which provide free access to many professional journals: • The Alliance for Taxpayer Access: www.taxpayeraccess.org • DOAJ (The Directory of Open Access Journals):  www.doag.org  • PLOS: Public Library of Science:  www.plos.org  • PubMed Central:  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/   SciDev Net:  www.scidev.net   • SPARC (The Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resource Coalition):  www.arl.org/sparc

19. http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov  ( HIV / AIDS information ) • http: // www.hazmap.nlm.nih.gov  ( information on hazardous agents ) http://www.child.nih.gov  ( combined health information database ) •  http://www.toxinet.nlm.nih.gov  ( toxicology database network) Cancer Lit (Cancer literature) • EMBASE (Excerpta Medica Database) • ETOH (Alcohol and alcohol problems science database) • HealthSTAR (Health services technology administration and research) • Radix (Nursing and managed care database) • CD-ROM (Compact disc - read only memory) with research database

20. 2. Printed sources: Printed sources are also used for literature review.  Printed research summary may be located from published abstracts, such as Nursing Research Abstract, Psychological Abstracts, Dissertation Abstract International, Masters Abstract International, etc.  References to other printed sources may be located through indices, such as Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Nursing Studies Index, and Index Medicus .  Following are the main printed sources that can be used to review the relevant literature: Journals : There are several national and international journals that can be used to review the research-related literature. 

21. Some of the main national and international nursing journals are as follows: Names of national nursing journals Nursing and Midwifery Research Journal Indian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery The Nursing Journal of India Indian Journal of Continuing Nursing Education Nightingale Nursing Times International Journal of Nursing Education Indian Journal of Nursing Studies International Journal of Nursing Care

22. Names of international journals • Nursing Research • Research in Nursing and Health • Nursing Sciences Quarterly • Western Journal of Nursing Research • Applied Nursing Research • Biological Research for Nursing • Advances in Nursing Sciences • Clinical Nursing Research • Worldviews on Evidence - Based Nursing Journal of Qualitative Research • American Journal of Nursing • International Journal of Nursing Studies • Canadian Journal of Nursing Research • Evidence-Based Nursing • Journal of Nursing Measurement • Journal of Nursing Scholarship .  • Oncology Nursing Forum • Scholarly Inquiry of Nursing Practice • Oncology Nursing Forum • Scholarly Inquiry of Nursing Practice • Research reports • Unpublished dissertations and theses • Magazines and newspapers • Conference papers and proceedings • Encyclopaedias and dictionaries • Books

23. STEPS OF LITERATURE REVIEW Literature review is a systemic and orderly process, which is undertaken for various reasons, such as a step of research process or eliciting the information for developing policies and evidence-based practices.  It is identified that nurses and nursing students found literature review as a daunting task and frequently have many questions ranging from where to start, how to select the themes, where to search the nursing literature, how to search the literature, how many articles to include , how to synthesize and organize the literature , and how to write the literature . 

24. Steps of review of literature Step 1 Understanding the concepts of research problem and identifying the key search terms Step 2 Identifying the relevant sources Step 3 Searching the literature Step 4 Analysing and synthesizing the literature Step 5 Writing the literature review

25. Step I. Understanding the concepts of research problem and identifying the key search terms : The journey of literature search begins with understanding and examining the concepts of research problem so that essential key search terms may be identified.   The key search terms serve as a foundation for the overall search of literature. These search terms may be elements that are included in the problem statement ,variables that appear in the research questions,and characteristics of the population of interest. Boolean operators(AND,OR,NOT)are thrn used to combine search terms into search statement. A detailed discussion about the use of Boolean operators is given in the third stage of literature review.An example of are search problem is broken into key search terms in table.

26. Research Problem Example of Relevant Key Search terms A Descriptive study on metabolic complications of traumatic brain injury in children admitted in JPN Trauma centre,AIIMS,New Delhi  • Traumatic AND brain injury •Metabolic response AND trauma Paediatric AND brain injury • Brain injury AND children • Hypothermia AND brain injury •Hypothermia AND paediatric A comparative study on post-operative length of stay in hospital among ambulatory vs.  bedside peddler patients admitted in surgical department of AIIMS , Jodhpur •Bariatric surgery AND exercise • Effects AND post - operative AND exercise • Exercise AND length of post - op stay •Ambulation AND length of stay in hospitaL Tab:5.3I dentifying the key search terms from research problems

27. 2.S tep II. Identifying the relevant sources   After understanding the concepts of research problem and identification of key search terms, we need to locate the relevant sources for literature review. The journals are considered as superior and up-to-date source compared to books and other resources, because books are considered outdated by the time they are published after a long process. 

28. However, contribution of books can be ignored in literature review.  But in present scenario, electronic literature sources are most commonly preferred resources for literature review because of easy and quick access of vast amount of research database then manual search.  Therefore, there are a vast variety of database available for the research, thus it is very essential to judiciously decide the relevant electronic database for literature search .

29. 3.Step III Searching the literature : Having selected relevant sources of literature review, the next step is to identify in a structured way the appropriate and related information.   The traditional method of literature search is manual search from the hard copy of journals that are specially related to the topic of interest or those that are likely to cover the topic.  In this method, initial reference to the journal is obtained from indices developed for this purpose, such as Index Medicus and/or from the reference/bibliography of the initially located articles of related topic. 

30. This is a slow and tedious task but often a rewarding way of searching articles.  However, this may be facilitated by identifying the initial related reference from the electronic reference/abstract database, such as PubMed ( www.pubmed.com ) and then searching full articles in hard copies of related published journals Nowadays searches are undertaken most commonly using computer and electronic da tabase or search engines.  Therefore, identifying and using keywords is the most critical act in literature search.  However, keywords need careful consideration in order to select terms that will generate the data being sought.  For American databases, such as CINAHL, the keywords used to identify terms may differ from the British in spelling and meaning (e.g. tumor / tumor, pediatric / pediatric, transcultural / multicultural). 

31. It is a good idea to consider alternative keywords with similar meanings that might elicit further information;  for example, if you are undertaking a review in an aspect of pressure ulcers, you would need to include terms, such as pressure sores and decubitus ulcers, to access older material.  Some of these alternative keywords can be gleaned from the database thesaurus.  Another strategy is 'Boolean operators' where keywords are combined to facilitate the search. 

32. The most commonly used Boolean operators are ' AND ' , ' OR ' , and ' NOT ‘ They are presented in Table 5.4 and Fig.  5.3 with their purposes and relevant examples.  It is a common question at this stage how much old literature must one review for a particular study.  Generally, 3-5 years old literature is ideally included in the literature search, sometimes it may be extended up to 10 years, in case of limited availability of the literature. However, historical research may include even older literature based on the purpose of particular historical research

33. Tab :5.4 Examples of Boolean Operators and their Purposes Command Purpose Example AND OR NOT Look for articles that include all the identified keywords . Look for articles that include any of the identified keywords. Exclude articles that contain this specific keyword.  Brain injury AND head injury Corticosteroids OR steroids OR glucocorticoids Viral bronchitis NOT bacterial bronchitis

34. Brain injury Memory loss Birth injury Memory loss Birth injury Memory loss “AND " narrow : Each article retrieved will include both Terms " OR " expand .  Each article retrieved will include either or both ter ms  " N OT " exclude .  Each article retrieved will include 1 st term only and will include another term 

35. 4. Step IV .  Analyzing and synthesizing the literature: After collecting the relevant literature, it is the stage to analyze and synthesize the collected literature.  There are several substages or systems to achieve this purpose.   The most popular and simple method is referred to as the preview, question, read, summarize (PQRS) system.  This system not only keeps reviewer focused and consistent but also ultimately facilitates easy identification and retrieval of the relevant literature . 

36. a .  Preview / Overview : This begins with an initial quick overview or preview of the articles through an abstract or summary of articles given at the beginning of each article to get a sense of what the article is about and whether it is worthy of inclusion for further reading .

37. b .  Question, read and summarize : In the question stage, questions are asked of each article under review.  Here, several writers have suggested using an indexing or summary system (or a combination of both) to assist the review process.  There are different criteria suggested for the indexing and summarization but generally they include the author, year of study, title of article, purpose and methodology of study, main findings and outcome of study. 

38. In addition, it is important to include the reviewer's key comments and thoughts about reviewed article.  It is suggested to keep source and full reference to ensure better record keeping and to avoid the problem of later searching for references / source of information.  A review may include not only primary sources but also secondary and non-research articles .  

39. Primary Source Secondary Source Non - Research Literature Title : Author ( year ) : Full reference Purpose of study Type of study Research settings Methods of data collection Main findings Recommendations Key thoughts / comments ( e.g. strengths / weaknesses )  Title : Author ( year ) : Full reference Review question / purpose Key definitions Review boundaries Appraisal criteria Synthesis of studies Summary / conclusions Key thoughts / comments ( e.g. strengths / weaknesses )  Title : Author ( year ) : Full reference Purpose of paper Credibility Quality Coherence Recommendations Key thoughts / comments ( e.g. strengths / weaknesses )  TABLE 5.5 Summary of Information

40. APPROACHES DESCRIPTION Thematic organization (Dividing the literature into themes or categories) Chronological organization (Presenting literature chronologically) Literature is organized under different themes identified from the literature and brain storming.  It is the most popular approach of organizing the literature.  It allows integration of theoretical and empirical (research) literature.  However, care must be taken in ensuring that the themes are clearly related to the literature.  Literature is divided into time periods.  It is useful when examining the emergence of a phenomenon over time period.   

41. APPROACHES DESCRIPTION Theoretical vs, methodological organization (Exploring theoretical and methodological literature )  Theoretical vs empirical organization (Examining theoretical literature and empirical literature in two sections) Discussion of theoretical literature is followed by exploration of methodological literature that would give some indication of why a particular research design might be appropriate for investigating the topic.  It is useful when the body of literature is largely theoretical with little or no empirical (research) literature.   Reviewer has both theoretical and empirical literature, and they are discussed separately.  The purpose of researcher is to describe rather than critically review.  with writing a short summary of each article and may include key thoughts, comments, strengths, and weaknesses of the article/publication.  It should be written in own words to facilitate understanding of the literature, and it also forms a good basis for the writing of the review.

42. 5. Step V. Writing the literature review: This is a final step of literature review after completing the adequate appraisal of literature.   It is time to give a serious thought about how to write a draft of literature review.  It is essential to avoid long and confusing words and jargon and keep sentences short with one clear message.  The spelling and grammar must get due attention and consistency must be maintained in English being used. 

43. Good Literature Review Poor Literature Review • It is a synthesis of available research • It is a critical evaluation • It has appropriate breadth and depth It has clarity and conciseness • It uses rigorous and consistent methods • It is an annotated bibliography • It is confined to description It is narrow and shallow • It is confusing and long - winded • It is constructed in an arbitrary way Tab:5.7 Characteristics of a Good and a Poor literature Review

44. EXAMPLE OF A BETTER REVIEW The victims of domestic violence suffer a range of consequences, from lowered self-esteem and loss of self-confidence to withdrawal from social interaction, changed career goals, and depression (Sharma, Saini and Arora, 2003; Rao and Bhai, 2004, Joshi and Mathew, 2009).  For example, Sharma, Saini and Arora, (2003) noted that 26 per cent of women said that they avoided going to social functions or interacting openly with family members because of the risk of domestic violence.  

45. EXAMPLE OF A BAD REVIEW Domestic violence has many consequences.  Sharma, Saini and Arora (2003) found that some women said that they avoided going to social functions or interacting openly with family members because of the risk of domestic tic violence.  They also found that rural and urban women reacted differently. 

46. Their research was conducted through a survey of 2000 rural and urban women dwellers.  Rao and Bhai's study in domestic violence among families (2004) lists many problems created by domestic violence.  In their excellent book, Joshi and Mathew (2009) give a long list of problems faced by victims of domestic violence.

47. a ) Introduction: While writing the introduction, following steps should be taken care of: Initiate the introduction with definition of general topic, issues under study, thus offering the background context to the literature.  Highlight the trends, similarities, contrasts, and gaps in facts, mythologies, and procedures of available literature and identifying importance of new topic under study.  Point out thoughts and comments of reviewer's view points and explain criteria of critical appraisal and organization of literature review. 

48. B Bb ) Body: The body of literature includes the theoretical and empirical sections.  Following measures need to be undertaken while writing the body of the literature.  Group research studies and other types of literature (reviews, theoretical articles, case studies) according to common denominators, such as qualitative versus quantitative approaches, conclusions of authors, specific purposes or objectives, chronology, and so on.  Summarize individual studies or articles with as much as or as little detail as each merit according to its comparative importance in the literature, remembering that space denotes significance.  However, it is more relevant to summarize similar or contrasting studies under a particular theme in a single paragraph. 

49. Include most relevant studies in each paragraph that support the main idea and the theme of the particular section of literature.  Furthermore, the end of each paragraph must include a sentence of evidence summary and a concluding sentence that transitions to the next claim.  Use’ umbrella ' sentences at the beginning of paragraphs , signpost throughout and add brief ' so what ' summary sentences at intermediate points in the review to aid in understanding comparisons and analysis .  Avoid using direct paraphrasing and quotes from a particular literature;  it is considered as a breach in copyright regulations.  Therefore, always use the evidence facts from literature and construct own sentences.  

50. c) Conclusion : The points to be taken care of in the conclusion are as follows: Mention the main contribution of important studies to the body of knowledge for a particular topic under study.  Specify the gaps, study findings, and inconsistencies in methodologies, theories, and procedures of the literature.  Conclude by mentioning the most significant findings and relevant issues related to the topic under study. 

51. 6.StepVI. Referencing and reviewing final draft of literature : It is the last step of the literature review where the final draft of literature is reviewed for the completeness, accuracy and relevance of the content.  Furthermore, the reference citations and list of references should be checked with author's name and year of publication to ensure the accuracy of in-text citation and the reference list.  The creation of list of references with complete detail such as full names of authors, year of publication, title of article, name of journal, volume, issues of journal and page number of the particular article must be archived carefully from the beginning of the literature , so that towards the end , reference listing becomes easy . 

52. The reference for electronic literature may be man aged through reference management system or citation management software, which formats and stores the citations/references, so that they are available for electronic retrieval.  Zotero ( https://www.zotero.org ) is a free, easy-to-use software for citation/reference management to collect, organize and cite the research literature.  There are ( www.refworks.com ).  also paid software available for this purpose such as EndNote ( endnote.com ) Today, majority of us prefer electronic literature search, therefore, steps of electronic literature search process are presented in Table 5.9. 

53. POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR LITERATURE REVIEW The following points are to be considered when assessing,analysing,and writing a literature review: Be specific : It is always better to mention only specific features of study methodology and the study.  findings of the study, rather then in-depth analysis of each point and a long description of study . Be selective : Researcher should narrow down a lot of information into a small space for literature review.  Just the most important points (i.e. those most relevant to the review's focus) must be mentioned in each work of review . 

54.   Focus of current topics : Researcher needs to analyze some points, such as if it is a current article, and if not, how old it is;  has its claims, evidence, or arguments been superseded by more recent work;  if it is not current , then if it is important for historical background ;  etc...   Ensure evidence for claims : Researcher should focus on what support is given for claims made in the literature.  What evidence and what type (experimental, statistical, anecdotal, etc.) of evidences are offered?  Is the evidence relevant and sufficient?  What arguments are given?  What assumptions are made, and are they warranted? 

55. • Focus on sources of evidences : Researchers should ensure the reliability of the sources of the evidence or other information - if they are from author's own experiments, surveys, -- historical records, government documents, etc.  He or she should check how reliable those sources are .  Account of contrary evidences : Does the author take into account contrary or conflicting evidence and arguments?  How does the author address disagreements with other researchers?

56. Reference citations : Any references cited in the literature review must be included in the bibliography/reference list.  The common practice is that the reviewer does not list references in the bibliography that are not directly cited in the literature review or elsewhere in the paper/thesis Organization of literature review : A literature review is organized by subtopic, not by individual reference.  In a typical literature review, the writers may cite several references in the same paragraph and may cite the same reference in more than one paragraph, if that source addresses more than one of the subtopics in the literature review.  Typically, discussion of each source is quite brief.  The contribution the present reviewers make is organizing the ideas from the sources into a cogent argument or narrative that includes their perspectives.

57. Referring original source : The reviewer should focus on citing the material that originates with each reference.  This may require a careful reading of the reference.  If the reference author refers to another source whose ideas are relevant or interesting, it is better to track and use Write in own language : It must be ensured by the researcher that the literature is written in own words and paraphrasing must be avoided.  However, the opinion of the original author must be accurately presented in the writer's literature. 

58. Simple and accurate sentence structure : A researcher should use simple sentences and Ensure that all sentences have a subject, verb, and object.  must avoid errors of grammar and punctuation.  Express one idea in a simple sentence. Ensure all the sentences have subject,verb,and object. Group the ideas : Group the sentences that express and develop one aspect of the particular topic.  Use a new paragraph for another aspect or another topic. .

59. • Effective use of transition words : Use words that link paragraphs and which show con trast and development to the argument, for example hence, therefore, but, thus, as a result, in contrast, etc.  • Avoid abbreviations : Avoid technical terms, jargons, and abbreviations

60. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Annotated B ibliography is a descriptive account of the particular literature source’s bibliographic information;  it is generally provided in alphabetical order (citation) with a brief description about the content of literature and evaluative comments regarding the usefulness of the particular literature (annotation).  In other words, annotated bibliography is a list of citations of books, research articles and documents and each of these citations are followed by a brief description about content and evaluation about its usefulness (about 150-200 words) as annotation. 

61. The main purpose of annotated bibliography is To inform readers about the relevance, accuracy and quality of source cited in a particular paper.   It also serves as a guide for other researchers that this source of cited literature is of use to them and what, why and how it is of their use.  Furthermore, it helps the researchers to get a deeper and clear understanding of the content of a particular source of literature, which provides them better comprehension about what and how to incorporate the particular literature in their paper

62. Components of Annotated Bibliography Annotated bibliography consists of the following components: 1. Citation : The first component of the annotated bibliography is to make citation of article, book or document using prescribed style of bibliography writing such as Vancouver's, American Psychological Association (APA), Modern Language Association (MLA), Chicago and so on.  2. Annotation : The second component of the annotation bibliography is to briefly write the summary of content in approximately 4-7 sentences or 150-200 words, which could vary from university to university based on local policies . 

63. The comprehensively written annual bibliography consists of the following information: a) Author's background and authority for content.  b) Central theme of article, book or document.  c) Methodology (if research paper).  d) Strengths, weaknesses and justification on usefulness of content.  e) Comparison with other studies on the topic.  f) Conclusion about content and source. 

64. Process of Writing Annotated bibliography Writing an annotated bibliography needs a variety of academic and intellectual skills such as literature search strategies, ability to critically appraise, succinct comprehension and concise composition of content. 

65. The process of writing annotated bibliography include the following steps : 1.Literature source identification: Identify the literature relevant to particular topic under study such as books, original research articles, periodicals , other documents and so on .  2. Critical review and appraisal of content: Review and critically appraise the content for the relevance, accuracy and quality of particular content in the literature source. 

66. 3. Choosing relevant content : Choose the content, which is relevant to a particular topic from a variety of domains and perspectives.   4. Citation of source: Make citation of article, book or document using prescribed style of bibliography writing such as Vancouver's, American Psychological Association (APA), Modern Language Association (MLA), Chicago and so on.  5. Annotation writing : Concisely write the annotation that briefly summarizes the content for its central theme, strengths, weakness, conclusion and evaluative sentence about useful ness of the topic (as brief as 4-7 sentences or 150-200 words). 

67. Example of Annotated Bibliography Sharma, S.K.  , Walia , I. , Sen R. ( 2008 ) .  Effect of Smoking on Pin Site Infection Rate among Patients with External Skeletal Fixation.  Nursing and Midwifery Research Journal, 4(2), 68-72.  The authors are research scholars, nursing faculties at National Institute of Nursing Education, PGIMER, Chandigarh and they observed the effect of smoking on 321 pin sites in patients with external fixation (Sharma, Walia, & Sen, 2008). 

68. Both the groups were homogenous as per gender, age, general health, haemoglobin , blood sugar level, use of anti-microbials and other co-morbidities but it was a short duration cohort study without much control on co founders.  The hypothesis of paper strongly supported that smokers had significantly higher pin site infection as compared to non-smokers.  Other available studies also reported similar results except Ward et al.  (1997), who found no significant difference among the groups. 

69. SUMMARY • Literature review is defined as a broad, comprehensive, in depth, systematic critique and materials and personal communications.  synthesis of scholarly published, unpublished, print and online materials, audiovisual ma • The main types of literature review are: ( i ) traditional or narrative literature review;  (ii) systematic literature review;  (iii) meta-analysis and (iv) meta-synthesis.   • Literature search may be done from primary or secondary source ;  however, nursing re search primarily depends on the primary sources.  The original research, peer-reviewed published research articles are categorized under primary source and literature source written other than by original researcher is categorized under secondary sources such as magazines, newspaper and so on.  systematic reviews, meta-analysis and meta-synthesis, books, encyclopaedia , dictionaries

70. The Cinahl Database The CINAHL database is an extremely important electronic database for nurses.  It covers references to virtually all English-language nursing and allied health journals, as well as to books, book chapters, nursing dissertation and selected conference proceedings in nursing and allied health fields.  The CINAHL database includes materials dating from 1982 to the present and contains more than 1 million records in addition to providing bibliographic information for locating references (i.e. the author, title, journal, year of publications, volume and page numbers ), CINAHL provides abstracts of most citation, supplementary information.  Such as names of data collection instruments is available for many records in the database.  Documents of interest can typically be ordered electronically.  CINAHL can be accessed online or by CD-ROM, either directly through CINAHL or through a commercial vendor.  At the outset, you might begin with a "basic search" by simply entering key words or phrase relevant to your primary question (or the name of a known researcher/author).  You may want to restrict your search in a number of ways, for example, by limiting the records retrieved to a certain type of document (e.g. only research reports) ;  to