Rewriting and Proofreading in academic writing.pptx

This PPT is prepared for introduction to academic writing in English course.

1. Rewriting and proofreading

2. What’s Rewriting? You have to rewrite when you are doing coursework. (It is important) You have to take time to revise your work to improve Clarity Logical development

3. What’s Proofreading? It is e ssential to avoid the small errors that may make parts of your work inaccurate or difficult to understand.

4. Rewriting There is always room for improvement in writing. Nothing is perfect or good enough during the first draft. You should ask youself the following questions: Does this fully answer the question(s) in the title? Do the different sections of the paper have the right weight (i.e. is it well balanced)? Does the argument or discussion develop clearly and logically? Have I forgotten any important points that would support the development?

5. Practice A As part of a module on Qualitative Research Methods , you have written the first draft of a 1,000-word paper titled: ‘What would be an acceptable number of interviews to carry out for a Master’s dissertation?’

6. Study the introduction to this paper below, and decide how it could be improved, listing your suggestions in the table. An interview can be defined as a conversation with a definite structure and objective. It goes beyond an everyday discussion with no particular purpose. There are many possible interview situations, but all involve an interviewer and an interviewee. It is normal for the former to ask the latter direct questions, and record the answers. The questions may be prepared in advance or they may occur as the interview develops. The recording is often done on paper, but may also be done by audio or video recording. Interviews can take place anywhere, in a street, café, office, bar, restaurant, etc. It is hard to say how many interviews can be carried out in one day. I personally think that two is the maximum because it can get very tiring. A lot depends on the subject being researched.

7. Suggestion for improvement (a) (b) ( c) (d) (e)

8. Suggestion for improvement (a) Too much space given to basic points (b) No refer e nces are given ( c) Sentences are too short (d) Style (e.g. I personally think) not suitable (e) Question in title not addressed

9. With these points in mind, the introduction could be re-written as follows: Organizing an interview involves a series of steps (Davies, 2007), including recruiting interviewees, finding a suitable venue and writing appropriate guidelines. However, depending on the research subject, a more flexible approach can be adopted, resulting in a less structured interview (Cooper and Schindler, 2008). For a Master’s dissertation, interviews must contain data relevant to the research topic, which the interviewer can later process. As King states: ‘gathering a large volume of cases does not guarantee the credibility of a study’ (King, 2004: 16). Most writers agree that two one-hour interviews per day are effectively the maximum for one interviewer, given the time needed for preparation and subsequent processing. Moreover, if audio or video recording is used, there is more content to be analyzed, for instance in terms of facial expression. The analysis of one interview can take up to three days’ work. In order to answer the question, clearly much depends on the research topic and the time the researcher has available.

10. Practice B Read the next section on ‘Possible ethical issues raised by this kind of research ’. Decide how to improve it , and rewrite it.

11. Any organization that allows researchers to interview its employees runs a big risk. The interviewees may complain about the boss or about other workers. Another danger for the researcher is that employees may feel obliged to give positive answers to questions instead of their honest opinions, because they are afraid of their bosses finding out what they really think. Also, the reputation of the organisation may suffer. I believe that researchers should make sure that this does not happen. They must make it clear why they are doing the research, and keep everyone’s name secret by using false names. If this is not done, there’s a good chance that the validity of the whole research project will be threatened.

12. (Example rewrite) Organisations inevitably face risks by permitting researchers to interview employees, so these must be understood and minimised by the design of the research project. If employees criticise other workers in the organisation , they may be punished, or alternatively they may feel unable to express their true feelings and so invalidate the interviews. Consequently, researchers must protect the reputation of the organisation and the value of their own work by carefully explaining the purpose of the study and insisting on strict anonymity through the use of false names. By doing this, both parties should benefit from the research.

13. Proofreading

14. Proofreading Proofreading means checking your work for small errors that may make it more difficult for the reader to understand exactly what you want to say. If a sentence has only one error: She has no enough interpersonal skills to handle different relastionships…. Does this sentence ha ve many mistakes? Does it hinder your understanding?

15. It is not difficult to understand, but if there are mult i ple erros, even though they are all quite minor, the effect is very confusing. A american senate once say: ‘Truth is frist casualty off war.’ You should make the meaning as clear as possible. D o not overrely on computer spell checkers ‘Tow factors need to be considered.’

16. Practice C Examples of the most common types of errors in student writing are shown below. In each case, underline the errors and correct it. ( i ) Factual: corruption is a problem in many countries such as Africa (ii) Word ending: she was young and innocence (iii) Punctuation: What is the optimum size for a research team (iv) Tense: Since 2005 there were three major earthquakes in the region (v) Vocabulary: . . . vital to the successfulness of a company operating in China (vi) Spelling: pervious experience can sometimes give researchers . . . (vii) Singular/plural: one of the largest company in Asia (viii) Style: . . . finally, the essay will conclude with a conclusion (ix) Missing word: an idea established by David Ricardo in nineteenth century (x) Word order: a rule of marketing which states that consumers when go outshopping . . .

17. Practice C ( i ) Africa is not a country: such as Nigeria (ii) Innocence is a noun: Young and innocent (iii) Question mark needed (iv) Present perfect needed with ‘since’: Since 2005, there have been . . . (v) ‘Successfulness’ is not a word: success (vi) ‘pervious’ is incorrect: previous (vii) ‘one of the . . .’ needs plural noun: one of the largest companies . . . (viii) Repetition: the essay will conclude with an analysis of . . . (ix) Time periods need definite article: the nineteenth century (x) when consumers go out shopping . . .

18. Practice D The following extracts each contain one type of error.. Match each to one of the e x amples (i-x) above, and correct the error. ( i ) Products like Tiger biscuits are well-known to kids . . . (ii) Both companies focus on mass marketing to promote its line of products. (iii) Failure to find the right coffee may lead to torment for consumers. (iv) . . . different researchers have differently effects on the research. (v) After the single European market was established in 1873 . . . (vi) . . . experienced researchers can most likely come over these problems. (vii) Firstly because, it provides them with an opportunity for borrowing capital . . . (viii) The company selected Budapest in Hungry for setting up its research centre . (ix) These cases demonstrate why companies from the rest of world are eager to . . (x) From 2008 to 2012 there are few cases of cholera.

19. Practice D ( i ) Style – use children (ii) Singular/plural – their lines (iii) Vocabulary – torment is too strong, use inconvenience (iv) Word ending – different effects (v) Factual – 1973 (vi) Word order – overcome (vii) Punctuation – no comma needed (viii) Spelling – Hungary (ix) Missing word – the world (x) Tense – were

20. Practice E Underline the errors in t he paragraph below and correct them. Bicycle is one of most efficient machine ever designed. Cyclists can travel for times faster than walkers; when using less enorgy to do so. Various people invented early versions of the bicycle, but the first modle with pedals which was successful massproduced was make by a frenchman , Ernest Michaux, on 1861. Later aditions included pneumatic tyres and gears. Today hundreds of million of bicycles are in use over all world.

21. Practice D (Corrected version) A bicycle is one of the most efficient machines ever designed. Cyclists can travel four times faster than walkers, while using less energy to do so. Various people invented early versions of the bike, but the first model with pedals that was successfully mass produced was made by a Frenchman, Ernest Michaux, in 1861. Later additions included pneumatic tyres and gears. Today, hundreds of millions of bicycles are in use all over the world.