Ribonucleic acid or RNA

Ribonucleic acid is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes.

1. by Prof. Liwayway Memije-Cruz Ribonucleic Acid or RNA

2. What is RNA? RNA stands for ribonucleic acid. It is an important molecule with long chains of nucleotides. A nucleotide contains a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate. Just like DNA, RNA is vital for living beings . a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes .

3. Differences Between DNA and RNA RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid. RNA has a ribose sugar instead of a deoxyribose sugar like DNA. RNA nucleotides have a uracil base instead of thymine. Other than these differences, DNA and RNA are the same. Their phosphates, sugars, and bases show the same bonding patterns to form nucleotides and their nucleotides bind to form nucleic acids in the same way.

4. DNA vs RNA

5. What is a RNA strand? Double-stranded RNA ( dsRNA ) is RNA with two complementary strands, similar to the DNA found in all cells. dsRNA forms the genetic material of some viruses (double-stranded RNA viruses).

6. Types of RNA

7. Messenger RNA (mRNA) a subtype of RNA. carries a portion of the DNA code to other parts of the cell for processing. during transcription. During the transcription process, a single strand of DNA is decoded by RNA polymerase, and mRNA is synthesized. Physically, mRNA is a strand of nucleotides known as ribonucleic acid, and is single-stranded.

8. Ribosomes: Where the translation happens Translation takes place inside structures called ribosomes, which are made of RNA and protein. Ribosomes organize translation and catalyze the reaction that joins amino acids to make a protein chain.

9. Transfer RNA ( tRNA ) the key to deciphering the code words in mRNA. Each type of amino acid has its own type of tRNA , which binds it and carries it to the growing end of a polypeptide chain if the next code word on mRNA calls for it. The correct tRNA with its attached amino acid is selected at each step because each specific tRNA molecule contains a three-base sequence that can base-pair with its complementary code word in the mRNA.

10. Ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) associates with a set of proteins to form ribosomes. catalyze the assembly of amino acids into protein chains also bind tRNAs and various accessory molecules necessary for protein synthesis. ribosomes are composed of a large and small subunit, each of which contains its own rRNA molecule or molecules.

11. Translation the whole process by which the base sequence of an mRNA is used to order and to join the amino acids in a protein. The three types of RNA participate in this essential protein-synthesizing pathway in all cells; in fact, the development of the three distinct functions of RNA was probably the molecular key to the origin of life.

12. RNAs as enzymes now known to adopt complex tertiary structures and act as biological catalysts. Such RNA enzymes are known as ribozymes exhibit many of the features of a classical enzyme, such as an active site, a binding site for a substrate and a binding site for a cofactor, such as a metal ion.

13. References: https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/What-is-RNA.aspx http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/molecular/structureofnucleicacids/section3 / https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/mrna-messenger-rna-160 https:// www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/translation-polypeptides/a/trna-and-ribosomes https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21603 / https:// www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/enzymes-are-not-proteins-discovery-ribozymes