Rice

production technology of rice

1. Rice Production technology, Nursery raising, Protection technology, and Marketing AE-505 (Philosophy of Agricultural Extension) Ahmad Raza Khalid

2. Growth Stages

3. There are three major methods of raising nursery for Rice in India. They are • The Wet Nursery • The Dry Nursery • The Dapog Method The Wet Nursery Wet nursery is that where sprouted seed is sown on the moist puddled soil. Wet nurseries are preferred under irrigated condition. The Dry Nursery The dry nursery where the dry seed is sown in dry soil. The seedlings obtained from the dry nurseries are generally hardy. The Dapog Method The essential feature of this method is to have a very thick stand of the nursery seedlings without any contact with the soil. Generally, this method is used especially in places where there is assured water-supply and when early transplanting is needed. Nursery Raising

4. Field preparation • When possible, plow immediately after the previous harvest — especially if the soil is still moist. • First or primary plowing. Use a disc or moldboard plow to kill weeds and incorporate crop residue, preferably 6–8 weeks before planting with maximum depth of 10 cm. • Second plowing. Plow across the field with the disc or tine harrow at least twice to make small clod sizes. Second plowing should be 2–3 weeks before planting and the last harrowing 1 week before planting with maximum depth of 5–7.5 cm. Production Technology

5. Field preparation • Repair bunds, destroy rat burrows, repair any holes and cracks, and recompact the bunds. Bunds should be at least 0.5 m high and 1 m wide. • Leveling the field will give better water coverage, better crop establishment, and better weed control. • Soil puddling should be done at least 1–2 days before seeding to allow the water to clear when direct seeding. Production Technology (Cont)

6. Seed Rate Farmer must use the healthy seed @15-20 kg per acre. The seed may be soaked for 8 hours and dry it for few hours in the shade to decrease the surface moisture content of the seeds that facilitates its free flow during seeding with drill. Soaking of seed with Topsin-M/Vitawax (@ 2 gram/Kg of seed) eliminates or reduces seed borne and soil born diseases. Production Technology (Cont)

7. Fertilizer Application Full dose of P and K (1-1.5 bags DAP and 1 bag SOP per acre) may be applied at sowing. While, 80 per cent of the recommended dose of Nitrogen (2.0-2.5 bags Urea for Basmati & 2.5-3.0 bags for non-basmati) should be applied between 30-70 days after sowing of rice. The remaining 20 % nitrogen may be applied before flowering. Production Technology (Cont)

8. Harvesting Crops should be harvested when: • Grain moisture is between 20–22%, which is normally about 30 days after flowering; • 80–85% of the grains are strawcolored; • Grains in the lower part of the panicle are hard, not soft; and • Grains are firm but not easily broken when squeezed between the teeth. Production Technology (Cont)

9. Weed Control Weeds are a major concern for high productivity in this new rice cultivation system. The pre- sowing herbicides like Pendimethalin, Stamp can beapplied immediate after seeding. Then, 30-35 days after sowing, when maximum weeds appear, post-emergence herbicides like, Clover (Bispyrbac Sodium) and Pyranex Gold 30% WDG can be used for effective control of weeds. Protection Technology

10. Disease Management The rice mainly suffers from bacterial leaf blight, blast and brown leaf spot, stem rot, kernel smut and false smut, which cause substantial losses annually. These diseases can be managed by applying integrated approach. Such as: Seed treatment with available seed dresser like Topsin M (70%) WP Planting of resistant varieties Using fungicides/bactericides (Copper oxychloride, Cobox etc for BLB, Difenoconazol for blast) Balanced fertilizer application Crop rotation Field sanitation Proper water management Protection Technology

11. Step 1. Use a crop calendar Step 2. Choose the best variety Step 3. Use high quality seed Step 4. Prepare and level the fields well Step 5. Plant on time Step 6. Weed early Step 7. Fertilize to maximize returns Step 8. Use water efficiently Step 9. Control pests and diseases effectively Step 10. Harvest on time Step 11. Store safely Step 12. Mill efficiently Step 13. Understand the market Protection Strategies

12. The value of milled rice in the market is determined by a number of physical and chemical characteristics, and the consumers, which will vary within and between countries. Physical Properties : Milling degree or color. Head rice percentage or % broken. Whiteness or translucency. Chalkiness. Rice Marketing

13. Chemical Properties: Gelatinization temperature or cooking time. Amylose content or stickiness. Gel consistency measures the tendency of the cooked rice to harden on cooling. Marketing (Cont)