Rice

Rice

1. Course- Introduction to major field crops HPA-101 Topic-”Rice” Submitted to:- Dr. Deepa Joshi Dr. Gargi Goswami Submitted By:- Rahul bhandari 1 6009

2. welcome

3. introduction Common name- Dhan ,Paddy, rice Botanical name- Oryza sativa Chromosome no .- 2n=24 Origin - Indo Burma Distribution - South East Asia, West Africa and Central and South America

4. Key point Central rice research institute Cuttack Orissa International Central rice research institute (manila) Philippines in1960 Project directorate of rice research Hyderabad International year of rice 2004 Test weight of rice 21 g Rice bowl of India Chhattisgarh

5. MORPHOLOGY

6. Culms – stem is made up of a series of node and internodes Leaves -sessile in nature. Panicle – inflorescence is known as panicle Grains – caryopsis

7. Area and production of rice in India In India Area WB> UP >Bihar Production WB> UP >AP. Productivity Punjab 34q/ha In world Japan has highest productivity 58q/ha Area India> china> Indonesia Production china> India > indonesia

8. Nutritional Importance and uses Carbohydrates (78.2 g/100 g), protein (6.8 -7g), fat (0.5 g), Crude fiber (0.2 g), mineral matter (0.6 g), calcium (10.0 mg) and phosphorus (160.0 mg). It is used for preparing other edible items like dosa , idli , roti , kadabu , paddu , uppama,papad , sandige,etc . The rice bran oil is used for cooking after refinement and soap making.

9. ClassificatioN

10. Soil Requirement Clay or clay loam are more suited for rice cultivation. The pH range between 5.5-6.5. Soil should have good water holding capacity with rich in organic matter.

11. Climatic Requirement Rice is majorly grown in tropics. It is best suited to regions which have high humidity prolonged sunshine and assured supply of water. Average temperature require 21-37 C For germination minimum of 10 C Flowering 22-25 C Ripening 20-25 C Grain formation 20-21 C 1,000-1,500 mm annual rain fall.

12. Cultivation 1) DRY OR SEMI –DRY RAINFED UPLAND CULTIVATION There is a lack of irrigation facilities. Crop depend entirely on rains. In such area farmer grow short duration (up o 100 days) with indigenous varieties. Varieties-For Uttrakhand - VL Dhan 206,VL Dhan 16 , For WB - Jamini , kiron , For TN - MDU 1, Vaigai

13. Land Preparation Proper land preparation and leveling should be followed for ensuring adequate crop stand and finally achieving higher yield. Summer ploughing helps in controlling weeds like Cyperus rotundus . Time of Sowing - onset of monsoon rains, Second fortnight of June Seed Rate -Broadcasting-100-120 kg/ha, drilling-70-90 kg/ha Spacing - intra-row spacing of 10-15cm Nutrient Management- 10 tons FYM NPK 60:30:30 kg/ha

14. 2)WET OR LOWLAND CULTIVATION This system of rice culture is practice where assured and adequate supply of water. Sprouted seed may be directly sown in puddled feild . Varieties- For WB – Bipasa , shasi , For TN –Ponni,CO36, Raising seedling in nursery- Land should be fertile. For transplanting one hectare area about 500 square metre is sufficient. Seed rate about bold grain variety 40-50kg/h where as fine grain varieties 30-35kg/h

15. Dapog Method of Nursery: Introduced from Philippines. It has been adopted some farmer of AP for raising seedling. less area is needed to rise seedling 25-30 square metres of area is enough to planting 1 hac . area The raised beds of one meter width, 4-5 cm height and convenient length are prepared. On these beds a polythene sheet is placed and above which a mixture of FYM and soil (1:1) of 2.0 cm thickness is placed. Pre-germinated. seeds are broadcasted @ 1.0- 3 kg/m square and covered with straw mulch. Irrigation is done frequently to keep the beds moist. Seedlings are ready for transplanting in 18-20 days. For machine transplanting mats of seedlings are used .

16. Transplanting Ideal age- 3-5 leaves stages. Spacing- 20x15cm.

17. CRITICAL STAGES FOR WATER BOOTING STAGE - most critical stages for water Tillering stage - 0-20days Primordia growth to flowering (40-60 days)

18. S.R.I. Method of Rice Cultivation The System of Rice Intensification, known by its acronym ‘S.R.I.’ is gaining popularity among rice farmers in several states. It is a method of rice cultivation enunciated by Father Henry de Laulanie . It involves planting of single and young seedlings with care instead of conventional method of multiple and old seedlings from the nursery. This method spaces rice plants more widely and does not depend on continuous flooding of rice fields.

19. Benefits of S.R.I. method Saving of water to an extent of 30-40 per cent. More area can be brought under irrigation with the available water. Reduction in the duration of crop as using of 8-12 days old seedlings. Reduces the leaching loss of nutrients. Maximum utilization of nutrients due to favourable conditions. Reduces the need for supplying of nutrients through fertilizers. Improves the yield. Reduces the cost of cultivation. Give more profit.

20. Aerobic Method of Rice Cultivation 1.Puddling of soil is not required. 2. Nursery raising is not necessary. 3. Direct seeding in the main field and hence, transplanting of seedlings is not necessary. 4. Saving of seeds to an extent of about 80 per cent. 5. Saving of water up to 40-50 per cent. 6. More area can be brought under irrigation with the available water. 7. Labor requirement is less. 8. Soil structure is not spoiled .

21. VARIETES Pusa Basmati – first high yielding variety Jagannath – mutent vareity IR-8 Introduced in india 1966 Jaya –First high yielding earliest semi dwarf

22. New varieties VL Dhan 158- for HP UK Pusa Basmati1718 Nandyala Sona Swarna shreya- A New aerobic vareity

23. Cropping System Irrigated area- Rice - wheat Rice – potato – urd Rice – toria – wheat Un-irrigated area- Rice -rice –wheat Rice-maize-jute

24. Weed management 1 Echinochloa colonum 2 Cyperus iria 3 Monocharia spp 4 Cyperus difformis Control - Butachlor (machete) @2kg pre emergence. Fluchloralin ( Basalin ) at the time of pudling @ 1 kg/h.

25. Plant Protection Blast: Adopt seed dressing with Carbendazim ( Bavistin ) @ 4g/kg of seeds. Spray the Carbendazim @ 0.1 per cent. Brown Plant Hopper (BPH): Spray Carbaryl 0.75 kg a.i ./ha or Carbofuran @ 0.75 kg a.i ./ha or apply Phorate granules @ 1.25 kg a.i ./ha.

26. Disease Bacterial leaf blight - caused by Xanthomonas oryzae Symp - Dry up plant - Blighting start tip of leaves Control – 3to4 spray mixture of 75g agrimycin-100 and 500g copper oxychloride in 500 litres of water per hectare Bacterial leaf steak - C aused by Xanthomon oryzicola Symp – water soaked spots - yellowing and browning Control -streptocycline12g in 500 litre of water per hactere

27. Bacterial leaf steak Bacterial leaf blight

28. Khaira it is due to zinc deficiency Symp - usually appears in nursery but may appear in patches after 10-15 days transplanting Root growth is restricted Control- 5 kg zinc sulphate 2.5kg lime in 1000litres of water .

29. Pest Green leaf hopper – Feed on leaves - Sucking sap - Also transmitted tungro virus Control – spray of phasphamidon 85SL @ 0.5 ML of insecticide in 1 litre of water

30. Harvesting and Threshing Allow the grains to harden. Harvest the crop at 30-35 days after flowering when stalks still remain green to avoid grain shedding. At this stage at least 80 per cent of the grains a straw colored. Moisture content in the grains should be around 20 per cent.

31. the crop is harvested with traditional sickles. Harvesting of rice is also done by cutter or power tillers/tractor drawn reapers.

32. Threshing Conventional way of threshing is beating on hard surface manually which consumes more time. Threshing is also done mechanically by using pedal operated thresher or power thresher.

33. Yield Grain yield of 3.0-5.0 t/ha and straw yield of 5.0-5.5 t/ha

34. Thank You

35. REFERENCES:- Singh Chhidda ,Singh Prem , Singh Rajbir, 2009,second edition Modern Techniques Of Raising field Crops , Oxford &IBH Publishing Company Pvt.Ltd.,113-B Shahpur Jat , Asian Village Side, New Delhi110 049 ,India Hand Book Of Agriculture http://www.agriinfo.in/