Rice Introduction, origin, floral description, floral formula and cultivation in Sindh and Pakistan

Rice origin, nutrient value, yield, cultivation, production, consumption, export and import in world, floral formula, floral botany, plant botany, uses and byproducts of rice.

1. Topic: Rice Crop Presenting By: Group Leader Name : Toufique Ahmed Group Members Name: Name Course Title/Code: Name ---------------------------------------- Name Name Presenting Under: Name Teacher name Name (Lecturer at) Name Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics Name Faculty of Crop Production Name Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam Name

2. Introduction To Rice Botanical Name: Oryza setiva (Asian Rice) Oryza glaberrima (African Rice) Chromosomes Number: 24 Season: Kharif/Pre-annual. Division : Phanerogams Sub-Division : Angiosperms Class : Monocotyledon Series : Glumacea Sub class : Glumiflorae Family : Poaceae/Gramineae Sub family : Poaideae Tribe : Oryzeae

3. Nutrient value of rice ( in 100 grams) Carbohydrates 80 g Water 11.61 g Protein 7.13 g Dietary fiber 1.3 g Sugars 0.12 g Fat 0.66 g Calcium 28 mg Magnesium 25mg Vitamin B3 1.62 mg Vitamin B5 1.014 mg Iron 0.8 mg Vitamin B1 0.070 mg

4. The current scientific consensus, based on archaeological and linguistic evidence, is that rice was first domesticated in the Yangtze River basin in China. By the late Neolithic (3500 to 2500 BC). The spread of  japonica  rice cultivation to Southeast Asia started with the migrations of the Austronesian  Dapenkeng culture into Taiwan between 3500 to 2000 BC. Rice was cultivated in South Asia from as early as 5,000 BC. "Several wild cereals, including rice, grew in the  Vindhyan Hills, and rice cultivation, at sites such as Chopani -Mando and Mahagara , may have been underway as early as 7,000 BC. Rice appeared in the Belan and Ganges valley regions of northern India as early as 4530 BC and 5440 BC. African rice has been cultivated for 3,500 years. Between 1500 and 800 BC,  Oryza glaberrima  propagated from its original center, the Niger River delta, and extended to Senegal. Origin of Rice

5. Rice in World Year-Year Production in Millions matric Tones Cultivation Area/Hector 2013-14 6,798 2,789 2014-15 7,003 2,891 2015-16 6,801 2,739 2016-17 6,849 2,724 2017-18 7,442 2,899 Officially released mutant varieties of rice in the FAO/IAEA Mutant Varieties Database, March 2007 Country Names-----------No: of Verities Country Name-----------No: of Verities Country Name---------No: of Veritie s Bangladesh 5 Japan 70 Brazil 28 Korea 7 Burkina Faso 3 Myanmar 5 China 222 Nigeria 3 Costa Rica 2 Pakistan 10 Ivory Coast 26 Philippines 8 France 5 Portugal 1 Guyana 26 Romania 1 Hungary 3 Senegal 2 India 40 Sri Lanka 1 Indonesia 6 Thailand 4 Iraq 3 USA 23 Italy 2 Vietnam 28 .

6. Rice is the world’s most important food crop with a total production around 600 million tones occupying 11% of the world’s total arable land. 1 st China (176.34 millions of metric tons) largest producer of rice in the world. 2 nd India (116.50 millions of metric tons ) largest producer of rice in the world. 3 rd Indonesia (51.49 millions of metric tons) largest producer of rice in the world. 1 st Myanmar (205 kilograms per capita) largest consumer of rice in the world. 2 nd Vietnam (169 kilograms per capita) largest consumer of rice in the world. 3 rd Lao PDR (168 kilograms per capita) largest consumer of rice in the world.

7. Rice in Pakistan Production Areas Yield Annual consumption calories (%) (m: metric tons) (thousands/hectares) (metric tons/hectare) (kilograms/capita) 6.72 2,225 3.02 18 8 % Pakistan is the 12 th largest rice producer . Pakistan is 5th largest exporter of rice. Pakistan is the 27 th largest rice consumer . Export of rice from Pakistan decreased from US $2.18 billion in 2009-10 to US $1.92 billion in 2012-13 that is of 19% . Pakistan mainly exports rice to UAE , Iran , Saudi Arabia , Kenya and Afghanistan . Rice accounts 2.7% of the value added in agriculture and 0.6% of GDP. Rice sowing area is estimated at 2.31 million hectares , 10.1% less than last year’s area of 2.57 million hectares . Production of rice decreased from 6.95 million tones in 2008-09 to 5.54 million tones in 2012-13. It is the second staple food after wheat.

8. Rice in Sindh In Sindh, rice is grown on about 2 million acres of land with per acre yield of local verities at 55 – 60 mounds and 90-120 mounds hybrid verities /acre yield , which like all crops in Pakistan does not reflect actual potential. Rice sector employs about half a million of rural labour force. Overall, Sindh produces 35% of the country’s rice with annual production at around 3.5 million tons of which 2 million tons of milled rice is produced by more than 800+ rice mills . The main Irri-6 variety produced in Sindh is not consumed locally because it does not appeal to local culinary tastes. As such, rice produced in Sindh is by and large exportable surplus. Annual export earnings are about $1 billion with the price of Irri-6 hovering around $450 per metric ton on average. Major rice growing areas in Sindh are Larkana , Dadu , Shikarpur , Qambar-Shahdadkot , Jacobabad , and Kashomore districts in upper Sindh while Thatta , Badin , and Tando Muhammad Khan are major areas in lower Sindh .

9. Each plant has 5-6 tillers. Stem or culm often erect, cylindrical, hollow except at nodes. It is tillering habit. Shallow fibrous root system. Leaves alternate, distichously with parallel venation and sheathing leaf base. Presence of ligules, lodicules. Inflorescence is panicle or spike. Fruit is a caryopsis. Botanical Description

10. Floral Description Stamen: Each stamen is composed of an anther and a filament. An anther includes elongated sacs where pollen grains are stored. The filament is a long, thin stem that holds the anther. The vascular bundles in the filament transport nutrient and to the anther. Carpel: The carpel consists of the female parts of the rice flower, the stigma, style and the ovary. The stigma receives pollen grains, which will then be transported into the ovary, where fertilization occurs. Lodicule: On a rainy day, or when the temperature is too low/ high, the lodicules shrink, causing the spikelet to close. When the floral parts mature, the lodicules will swell and open the spikelet to expose the mature floral parts. Lemma and Palea: These are hardened, modified stems that protect floral organs. The lemma is relatively larger than palea. When the spikelet is closed, the lemma partly encloses the palea. The pointed end on the top of the lemma is called an Awn. Sterile lemma: The sterile lemma s are much smaller in size than the lemma, and they do not bear flower, hence their name “sterile” Pedicle: A pedicle branches from every node on the secondary rachis and a flower produce on top of it.

11. Floral Formula 6 stamens per Spikelet. 2 Lodicules are present (Presenting Calyx and corolla) forming Perianth. Protected by Lemma and Palea. Incomplete: ( those flower which is missing one/two whorls). Perfect: Those flower which containing only essential whorls (Androecium & Gynoecium) Zygomorphic: Capable of division into symmetrical halves by only one longitudinal. Floral Formula= †,O , P (2) , A (6) , G 1

12. Industries/Mills in Pakistan Top 10 largest Mills of Rice in the Pakistan. 1.BAHOO RICE MILLS 2. BARKAT RICE MILLS 3. PUNJAB RICE MILLS 4. GALAXY RICE MILLS K.K RICE MILLS AMIR RICE MILLS PAKISTAN RICE MILLS (Karachi) BASMA RICE MILLS (Karachi) DEEN RICE TRADERS (Gujranwala) RICE MASTER (Kamoke

13. By-Products of Rice Rice Straw: It is plant fiber used as food for domestic animals or used for fire or other purposes. Rice Bran: Produced from the outer layer of the brown rice grain. Used in cereals, mixes and vitamin concentrates due to its high levels of vitamin B6, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, niacin, and thiamin. Also rich in fiber. Rice Bran Oil: Extracted from the outer layer on the brown rice kernel. A high quality, delicate tasting cooking oil. Studies have shown that it is effective in lowering blood cholesterol levels. Rice Flour: Produced from either white or brown rice ground. Its free from gluten so is non-allergenic. Used to produce rice pasta, crisps, cereals and snacks. Rice Hulls: The inedible outer husk layer has many uses from fuel in power plants to mulch and abrasives. It can be used as a packing material to pad fragile cargo during shipping Rice Starch: Produced from the endosperm of the grain, used as a thickener in sauces and desserts. Also used in the manufacture of Rice Syrup. Ash from Hulls: Can be used to clean discolored teeth and turned into cellulose products e.g. rayon and rice fuel. Rice Syrup A natural sweetener, less intense than traditional sugar syrups and honey. Produced through a hydrolysis process. Broken Rice: Pieces of rice kernels (that are less than ¾ of a full kernel) are used in the manufacture of various products, including rice flour and pet foods. Brewers Rice : An ingredient used in brewing, especially prized by some Beer manufacturer's, where it is the premium ingredient. Brewers rice is also used for the processing of other ferment products.