Rise of quantum technology & its impact on VLSI.pdf

ntg

1. Rise of Quantum Technologies & It's Impact on VLSI
Presented by:
Dr. Vasudeva Bevara
Sr. Assistant Professor
29-08-2025 1

2. Why VLSI?
29-08-2025 2
•Semiconductor chip is demanding to accommodate with high density of
components and speed of processing - needs high caliber brain knowledge
to design VLSI circuits.
•VLSI field offers ample opportunities for professionals with subject-matter
expertise in electronics, both in terms of challenging roles and monetary
rewards.
•India's VLSI industry is growing at a rate of >20% annually.
•Semiconductor Association India predicts 1.5 million jobs by 2015 in India
•There is no dearth of job for VLSI designers in India. In fact, the demand is
in excess when compared to supply.
•“Even though around 250,000 engineers are graduating in electronics and
other related streams every year, less than 3% of them are equipped with
the knowledge and skills needed for the VLSI industry.”

3. Why You Should Care VLSI?
29-08-2025 3
One day you will graduate, then what?
What you can get from your education?
What are your options?
Possibilities you might not have thought of now

4. Bridging the Gap
29-08-2025 4

5. What is VLSI Design?
29-08-2025 5
•VLSI design is a complex process that includes the development of integrated circuits
with thousands of transistors on a single chip. To work in this field, you need
knowledge of electronics engineering and computer science, as you need to design
high-performing and reliable circuits that have low power consumption and are small
in size without compromising performance.
•It is interesting to know that the design of a VLSI chip includes different stages —
specification, architecture, logic design, verification, physical design and fabrication.
•Now, here, in this session, you will learn about the opportunities and challenges of VLSI
design.

6. Current Scenario of VLSI Industry
29-08-2025 6
•Hardware is a general term that refers to the physical artifacts of a technology. It may also
mean the physical components of a computer system, in the form of computer hardware.
•Typical PC hardware:
•Motherboard
•CPU
•RAM
•ROM
•Power Supply
•Removable media devices
•Internal storage
•Networking, etc.

7. Contd..
29-08-2025 7
•VLSI Design with AI and ML: With the advancement of AI and ML, VLSI design engineers
are finding new opportunities and challenges to build integrated circuits. The ML algorithms
analyze huge datasets and identify the patterns and trends that help optimize chip
architectures. As a result, the design process accelerates the feasibility and performance of
the integrated circuits. Moreover,expert AI systemscan streamline the design verification
and validation processes, which reduces time to market and human intervention. Thus, VLSI
engineers should be updated with the latest AI and ML trends to get more opportunities.
•List of AI enabled EDA tools:-
•* Synopsys DSO.ai
•* Cadence Stratus
•* Mentor Graphics AI driven design
•* Silvaco Invar AI
•* Onespin AI verification

8. Contd..
29-08-2025 8
▪5G Technology and Beyond : 5g technology is driving significant demand for advanced
semiconductor devices and systems, including rf front-end components, baseband
processors, memory, SoCs, and advanced verification techniques. These semiconductor
devices and systems are critical to meeting the high-speed, low-latency, and reliability
requirements of 5G network as 5G networking has been touted as a game-changer in the
world of mobile communications (mobile communications ), promising to provide faster
data speeds, lower latency, and
▪greater capacity than its predecessor,
▪4G. Here are some of the benefits of
▪5G Networking:
•Faster data speeds
•Lower latency
•Greater capacity
•Enabling new applications.

9. Contd..
29-08-2025 9
▪IoT and Edge Computing : The convergence of IoT (Internet of Things) and edge computing
is revolutionizing the industry of VLSI design. IoT is an approach of interconnecting different
devices and sensors to generate a huge volume of data. In contrast, edge computing is a
decentralized approach that helps in data processing. Both these technologies help to
construct power-efficient chips that easily operate data processing, improve real-time
decision-making, and reduce latency.
▪Integration of Sensors and Signal Processing:
▪Ultra-Low Power Design Techniques
▪System-on-Chip Architectures
▪Sensing and Edge Analytics:

10. Contd..
29-08-2025 10
▪Quantum Computing : VLSI and quantum technologies are two different things. If we talk
about particularly in the case of VLSI then the future of this field is ULSI (Ultra large scale
Integration) , where Carbon nano tubes or Graphene are being used for the channel
fabrication. And if I talk about the latest research in this field then “Magnons “ are being
used for the conduction purpose instead of electrons. Spintronics is the new thing on which
researchers are focusing , and its the future of electronics and VLSI.
▪Key Roles of VLSI in Quantum Computing
▪Control Systems: Classical VLSI circuits manage the qubits in quantum processors, ensuring precise operations.
▪Readout Electronics: High-performance VLSI circuits interpret quantum states, converting analog signals from
qubits into usable digital data.
▪Cryogenic VLSI Design: Specialized circuits operate in ultra-low temperatures, integrating seamlessly with
superconducting quantum processors.

11. 8/29/2025 11

12. 8/29/2025 12
Indian Semiconductor Market Scope:

13. •Motivation
•Approaching physical limits of CMOS
sizing
•Alternative technologies need to be
investigated.
•In 1993, Lent proposed QCA
technology.
•QCA as a nano scale solution
•New method of computation and
information transformation.
Introduction of QCA
29-08-2025 13

14. QCA – The Four Dot Device
Binary ‘0’Binary ‘1’
Quantum dot
electron
Rotated cells
•QCA cell consisting of 4 “dots” and 2 extra electrons;
•Information stored not as voltage level
•Positions of electrons
•Information is transferred by the Coulomb Interaction.
•No current in information transformation
•Very low power dissipation.
29-08-2025 14

15. Clocking in QCA
•Speed
• @42 nm spacing: 25GHz
• @4.2 nm spacing: 2.5THz
•Clocking Zone
•In QCA the synchronization is achieved by cascading
clock for transfer the data from one cell to the next
cell.
•In order to propagate the information through QCA
without any random adjustment of QCA cells.
Ref: In “Architectural Issues and Possibilities in Quantum Cellular Automata (QCA)” by M.T.Niemier and P.M.Kogge in NSF29-08-2025 15

16. Basic QCA Devices
in
out
in out
➢Inverter ➢Basic QCA Gate – Majority
A
B
C
F=AB+BC+CA
Truth table
•Can be used to implement AND, OR by setting one
input to 0, 1 respectively
29-08-2025 16

17. Special cases of Majority
0
0
1
0
Stronger wins!
1
0
1
1
29-08-2025 17

18. Motivation: Why Reversible Logic?
•Designing of a complex digital system which dissipates
low power is a competitive topic in the research field
of hardware design. Heat dissipation in the circuit has
become the critical limiting factor .
•Rolf Landauer introduced that losing of bit in circuits
causes the smallest amount of heat in computation
and the theoretical limit of energy dissipation for
losing of one bit computation is KTln2
•Even C.H. Bennett in 1973 also showed that the
dissipated energy directly correlated to the number of
lost bits
29-08-2025 18
A
B
P = A
Q =AB
Reversible
gate

19. Irreversible Vs Reversible Logic
A
B
Q =AB
Irreversible
gate
A
B
P = A
Q =AB
Reversible
gate
Truth Table For Irreversible XOR Logic
Truth Table For Reversible XOR Logic
(Feynman Gate)
29-08-2025 19

20. Reversible Mux and De-Mux (RMD)
•Block Diagram of RMD
Truth Table of RMD
(a) Buffer/Inverter (b) AND gate (c) XOR gate
(d) 2:1 Mux (e) 1:2 De-Mux (f) OR gate
29-08-2025 20

21. QCA RMD Logic Gate Design
•QCA Circuit of RMD
•Simulation Results of RMD
29-08-2025 21

22. ReversibleMux(RM)
•Block Diagram of RM
Truth Table of RM
(a)AND gate (b) XOR gate (c) 2:1 Mux

(e) Half Adder (f) OR gate
29-08-2025 22

23. QCA RM Logic Gate Design
•QCA Circuit of RM
•Simulation Results of RM
29-08-2025 23

24. Reversible Arithmetic & Logic Unit (RALU) Design
•An Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is a digital
circuit that performing arithmetic and logical
operations.
•The ALU is a fundamental building block of
the central processing unit of a computer
and even the simplest microprocessor
contains one for purpose such as maintaining
times
29-08-2025 24

25. Reversible Arithmetic Unit (RAU)
Block Diagram of RAU Using RM Logic Gate
Truth Table of RAU Using RM Logic Gate
RAU Design Using QCA Technology
29-08-2025 25

26. Reversible Logic Unit (RLU)
Block Diagram of RLU Using RM Logic Gate
Truth Table of RLU Using RM Logic Gate
RLU Design Using QCA Technology
29-08-2025 26

27. Conclusion
29-08-2025 27
In conclusion, the rise of quantum technologies does not mean the end of VLSI—it means a
new beginning. VLSI will continue to be the backbone of electronic systems, but with
quantum innovations, it will evolve into faster, smarter, and more powerful designs. As future
engineers, you have the chance to contribute to this exciting transition, where classical VLSI
meets quantum technology to shape the future of computing and communication.

28. Future Research Directions
•Establish Electrical Model for QCA
•Design Sequential Modules in QCA
•Interface Circuitry Between QCA and CMOS
➢Circuits
➢Systems
The QCA based reversible logic circuits are used in digital image processing and communications for enabling the storage and
hence to retrieve back the same information that is being stored.
Develop QCA-Driven Synthesis
Pipeline Design for High Performance
29-08-2025 28

29. References
29-08-2025 29
❑Oskouei, Saeed Mirzajani, and Ali Ghaffari. "Designing a new reversible ALU by QCA for reducing occupation area."
The Journal of Supercomputing 75.8 (2019): 5118-5144.
❑Sasamal, Trailokya Nath, Ashutosh Kumar Singh, and Anand Mohan. "Efficient design of reversible alu in
quantum-dot cellular automata."Optik127.15 (2016): 6172-6182.
❑Taherkhani, Elham, Mohammad Hossein Moaiyeri, and Shaahin Angizi. "Design of an ultra-efficient
reversible full adder-subtractor in quantum-dot cellular automata."Optik142 (2017): 557-563.
❑A. N. Bahar, S. Waheed, and M. A. Habib, “A novel presentation of reversible logic gate in quantum-dot cellular
automata (qca),” in 2014 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information & Communication
Technology. IEEE, 2014, pp. 1–6.
❑Sen, Bibhash, et al. "Realizing reversible computing in QCA framework resulting in efficient design of testable ALU."
ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems (JETC) 11.3 (2014): 1-22.
❑Chaves, Jeferson F., et al. "Towards reversible QCA computers: Reversible gates and ALU." 2015 IEEE 6th Latin
American Symposium on Circuits & Systems (LASCAS). IEEE, 2015.
❑Sen, Bibhash, et al. "QCA multiplexer based design of reversible ALU." 2012 IEEE International Conference on Circuits
and Systems (ICCAS). IEEE, 2012.
❑Sen, Bibhash, et al. "QCA multiplexer based design of reversible ALU." 2012 IEEE International Conference on Circuits
and Systems (ICCAS). IEEE, 2012.
❑Gupta, Namit, K. K. Choudhary, and Sumant Katiyal. "Two bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) in QCA." International
Journal on Recent Trends in Engineering & Technology 8.2 (2013): 35.

30. 8/29/2025 30