ROL.pptx

research

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2. What we want to learn? Definition & meaning Purpose of L.R. Sources Need Uses Pre-preparation steps 2

3. Introduction Essential step Provides base Justifies need Throws light on flexibility of study Reveals constraints of data collection Relates findings 3

4. The Literature Review 4 Information seeking Critical appraisal

5. What is LR? Discusses published information in a particular subject area, Just a simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. 5

6. What is LR? A effective evaluation of selected documents A review may form an essential part of the research process or may constitute a research project in itself. A critical synthesis of previous research. The evaluation of the literature leads logically to the research question. 6

7. The Literature Review The review of the literature is defined as a broad, comprehensive, in-depth, systematic, and critical review of scholarly publications, unpublished scholarly print materials, audiovisual materials, and personal communications. 7

8. The Literature Review Scholarly literature refer to published and unpublished data based literature and conceptual literature materials found in print and non print forms Data based literature reports of completed research Conceptual research reports of theories, concepts 8

9. Relationship Of Review Of Literature To Theory, Research, Education And Practice 9 Research Practice Education Theory Review of Literature

10. Why write LR? Handy guide to a particular topic. Literature reviews also provide a solid background for a research paper's investigation. 10

11. Why write LR? For professionals, they are useful reports that keep them up to date with what is current in the field. For scholars, the depth and breadth of the literature review emphasizes the credibility of the writer in his or her field 11

12. Why write LR? A critical look at the literature (facts and views) that already exists in the area you are researching. It demonstrates the relevance of the research. 12

13. Why write LR? In a broader context  Hart (1998) lists the following purposes of a review: Distinguishing what has been done from what needs to be done; Discovering important variables relevant to the topic; Synthesizing and gaining a new perspective; Identifying relationships between ideas and practice; Establishing the context of the topic or problem; 13

14. Why write LR? Rationalizing the significance of the problem; Understanding the structure of the subject; Relating ideas and theory to applications; Identifying methodologies and techniques that have been used. 14

15. Non research Purposes of Literature Review Non Research purposes of literature review: Determines what is known Determines gaps, consistencies & inconsistencies Discovers unanswered questions Describes strengths & weaknesses of designs, methods of inquiry and instruments used in earlier works Promotes development of protocols & policies related to nursing practice 15

16. Differences of Research & Non Research Purposes Whether a nurse is developing a research study, a curriculum, or a patient protocol, s/he should base that project on a critical review of the literature. The difference lies in the type of outcome produced 16

17. 17 Purposes of Literature Review The overall purpose of literature review is to discover knowledge

18. PLZZZZZZZZZZZZ……NOTE A literature review is not a shopping list of everything that exists, but a critical analysis that shows an evaluation of the existing literature and a relationship between the different works. 18

19. Where do I find LR? Books, Journal articles, Internet (electronic journals), Newspapers, Magazines, Theses and dissertations, Conference proceedings, Reports, and documentaries. Lab reports, Sometimes a literature review is written as a paper in itself. 19

20. Primary and Secondary Sources Primary source: Is written by a person(s) who developed the theory or conducted the research Secondary source: Is written by a person(s) other than the individual who developed the theory or conducted the research 20

21. The Role of Secondary Sources Two general reasons for using secondary sources: A primary sources is literally unavailable A secondary source can provide different ways of looking at an issue or problem Secondary sources should not be overused 21

22. Pitfalls of Secondary Sources All of the theory’s concepts or aspects of the study and/or definitions may not be fully presented If all concepts or aspects are included, the definitions may be collapsed or paraphrased to such a degree that it no longer represents the theorist’s actual work The critique (whether positive or negative) is based on the presentation of incomplete or interpreted data and therefore less useful. 22

23. Location: approaches by Cooper 1998 Bibliographic database (searching for researcher) Ancestry approach Descendancy approach (from previous studies….to search forward) Grey literature : studies with more limited distribution such as conference papers, unpublished reports, dissertation 23

24. Locations 24

25. Key electronic data bases CINAHL : cumulative index to nursing and allied health literature MEDLINE : medical literature on-line I.S.I.: Institute for scientific information AIDSEARCH : includes more than 20 aids research data base CANCER LIT: cancer literature EMBASE: the expert medical database 25

26. HAPI: health and psychosocial instruments database ERIC – Education resources information center database PSYCINFO- Psychology information Dissertation abstracts online Cochrane database of systematic reviews

27. The Use of Literature Review in Quantitative Research Theoretical framework Problem statement and hypotheses Design and method Outcome of the analysis (findings, implications, and recommendations) The literature review allows for refinement of research problems and questions and/or hypotheses 27

28. What should I do before writing the literature review? Find models Look for other literature reviews in your area of interest You can simply put the word "review" in your search engine along with your topic. The bibliography or reference section of sources 28

29. What should I do before writing the literature review? Clarify Seek clarification from your guide Roughly how many sources should you include? What types of sources ? Should you summarize, synthesize, or critique your sources by discussing a common theme or issue? Should you evaluate your sources? Should you provide subheadings and other background information? 29

30. What should I do before writing the literature review? Narrow your topic 30

31. What should I do before writing the literature review? Consider whether your sources are current Information MUST BE as current as possible. Information even two years old could be obsolete. 31

32. What should I do before writing the literature review? Find a focus A literature review, like a term paper, is usually organized around ideas. one at a time . 32

33. What should I do before writing the literature review? Themes or issues. Do they present one or different solutions? Is there an aspect of the field that is missing? How well do they present the material and do they portray it according to an appropriate theory? Do they reveal a trend in the field? 33

34. What should I do before writing the literature review? Construct a working thesis statement Yes! Literature reviews have thesis statements as well! 34

35. What should I do before writing the literature review? Consider organization You've got a focus, and you've narrowed it down to a thesis statement. Now what is the most effective way of presenting the information? What are the most important topics, subtopics, etc., that your review needs to include? And in what order should you present them? 35

36. How do I write the literature review? Develop an organization for your review at both a global and local level: First, cover the basic categories Three basic elements: An introduction or background information section; The body of the review containing the discussion of sources; and, finally, A conclusion . 36

37. How do I Write the literature review? Introduction: Gives a quick idea of the topic of the literature review, such as the central theme or organizational pattern. Body: Contains your discussion of sources and is organized either chronologically, thematically, or methodologically Conclusions/Recommendations: Discuss what you have drawn from reviewing literature so far. Where might the discussion proceed? 37

38. What should I do before writing the literature review? Organizing the body Create an organizational method to focus this section even further. The six typical ways of organizing the sources into a review: Chronological By publication By trend Thematic Methodological Questions for Further Research 38

39. Develop a search strategy Clearly identify your review question PICO framework: Population (P), Intervention (I) or Exposure (E), Comparison (C), Outcomes (O), Time (T) SPICE framework: Setting – where? Perspective – for whom? Intervention – what? Comparison – compared with what? Evaluation – with what result?

40. What should you write? Language focus: Avoid too much direct quoting. The verb tense chosen depends on your emphasis: When you are citing a specific author's findings, use the past tense: (found, demonstrated); When you are writing about an accepted fact, use the present tense: (demonstrates, finds); and When you are citing several authors or making a general statement, use the present perfect tense: (have shown, have found, little research has been done). 40

41. Steps of Searching the Literature 41 Determine concept/issue/topic/problem Conduct computer (and/or hand) search Weed out irrelevant sources before printing Organize sources from printout for retrieval Retrieve relevant sources Conduct preliminary reading & weed out irrelevant sources Critically read each source Synthesize critical summaries

42. Method and review in literature review 42

43. Document search decisions & actions 43

44. Identify new references, new leads Discard irrelevant or inappropriate reference 44

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46. Formulating search strategy Cooper 1998 Bibliographic data base Electronic data base Points to remember One should be familiar with search engines Software mapping Authenticity 46

47. Screening & gathering references Readily available Relevant to the topic Quality of references Procedure to safeguard the participants Minimize risks to the participants Maximize benefits to the participants 47

48. Documentation in literature retrieval From the beginning Record search strategies Limits put on the search Keywords Subject headings Website visited Actions taken 48

49. Coding the studies Consider the subset of the study Categorize finding Code to each characteristics E.g. Code 1- for age Code 2 –Gender etc

50. A literature review protocols & matrices Format the protocol Organization of literature Full citation Theoretical foundations Methodological features findings Evaluative information

51. Literature review matrices Matrices are used by many researches as a mean of organizing information from research articles because matrices directly support a thematic analysis of information.

52. Types of matrices - Methodological matrix- organized information -Result matrix- what are the findings -Evaluation matrix- evidence

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56. Analyzing & synthesizing information Detection of patterns and regularities as well as inconsistencies Substantive themes Theoretical themes Methodological themes Generability /transferability themes Historical themes Researcher themes

57. Common Errors Made in Lit Reviews Review isn’t logically organized Review isn’t focused on most important facets of the study Review doesn’t relate literature to the study Too few references or outdated references cited Review isn’t written in author’s own words Review reads like a series of disjointed summaries Review doesn’t argue a point Recent references are omitted

58. Writing the Literature Review Plagiarism includes (Galvan): Using another writer’s words without proper citation Using another writer’s ideas without proper citation Citing a source but reproducing the exact word without quotation marks Borrowing the structure of another author’s phrases/sentences without giving the source Borrowing all or part of another student’s paper Using paper-writing service or having a friend write the paper

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60. Lets revise………… The whole process of reviewing includes: a. Searching for literature b. Sorting and prioritizing the retrieved literature c. Analytical reading of papers d. Evaluative reading of papers e. Comparison across studies f. Organizing the content g. Writing the review 60

61. ENJOY YOUR WORK,BE DEDICATED & BE HONEST WITH YOUR EFFORTS. TAKE HOME MESSAGE:

62. HAPPY RESEARCHING Thank You !!