Romanesque: Style and Period

Covers major historical events, figures, and church architecture, circa the 1100's.

1. Romanesque T, R, 12-1:20PM Professor Paige Prater

2. “Romanesque” Society Feudalism 3 Classes: king/nobles, churchmen, peasants Manor: self-sufficient agricultural estate inheritance, shifting obligations/allegiances

3. Worcester Chronicle, England, 1140

4. Key Events/People 1050-1150 1056-1106 – Henry IV rules Germany + Holy Roman Empire 1066 – William of Normandy invades England BAYEUX TAPESTRY 1075 – Investiture Controversy 1095-1099 – First Crusade 1098 – Cistercian Order founded 1137-1152 – Eleonor of Aquitaine Queen of France with Luis VII 1141-1151 – Hildegard of Bingen writes Scivias 1147-1149 – Second Crusade 1154-1189 – Eleanor of Aquitaine Queen of England with Henry II

5. Key Abbots and Popes 1049-1109 – Hugh de Semur , Abbot of Cluny 1088 – Great Church of Cluny begun 1058-1086 – Desiderius (Benedictine), Abbot of Monte Casino 1086-1087 – elected as Pope Victor III 1088-1089 – Pope Urban II ( Cluniac ) preached First Crusade 1115-1153 – Saint Bernard (Cistercian), Abbot of Clairvaux Abbey; writer, preacher, called for Second Crusade

6. The Power Networks: France & England King of France: Ile-de-France Duke of Normandy, heir of Vikings (north) 1066 – Duke William II of Normandy invaded England: “William the Conqueror” replaced Saxon rule Normans: CLOSE ties to the CHURCH Duke of Burgundy (east) TOKEN HOMAGE to king of France

7. The Bayeux Tapestry, 1066-1082 Animated! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LtGoBZ4D4_E&feature=iv&src_vid=b%20DaB-NNyM8o&annotation_id=annotation_559561

8. The Power Networks: Investiture Controversy Holy Roman Empire vs. Pope Gregory VII Only the pope could appoint bishops/abbots! Civil wars between German families who took sides Welfs of Saxony (“Guelfs” in Italy) vs. Hohenstaufens of Swabia (“Ghibellines” in Italy)

9. Pilgrimages Hat, satchel, walking stick Santiago de Compostela Shell as passport http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Camino_de_Santiago/Camino.htm

10. Route to Santiago de Compostela http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4mRnoZuiZU

11. St. Sernin , Toulouse http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cRrzFQGXUIc

12. The Power Networks: Muslim vs. Christian Iberian peninsula: Muslim in south vs Christian in North 1085 – Alfonso VI of Castile and Leon had conquered Toledo, Muslim controversy

13. The Crusades http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0zudTQelzI (up to 6:23)

14. CHURCHES Portal Tympanum Trumeau Jamb Historiated Capitals Archivolts: curved moldings of wedge-shaped stone voussoir

15. Changes to the Basilica Plan Added apses Wide projecting transepts; aisled Variety of ambulatories Fireproof stone masonry (vs. wooden roofs) Two-towered west façade

16. Church of Sant Vincenc , Cardona, 1020-1030s

17. Reliquary Statue of Sainte Foy, late 9 th or 10 th century (with later additions) Silver gilt over a wood core 33” high

18. Regional Styles: Cathedral Complex Pisa i mperial Rome c ampanile = free-standing bell-tower Master Bonanno , 1174 Master-builder: Busketos Cathedral: long nave with double side-aisles (5 aisles=homage to Rome) Tuscan churches: decorated with marble on exterior

19. Church of San Clemente, Rome, consecrated 1128 Baldachin – altar cover Monastic church- not accommodating pilgrims Open, partially underground crypt Nave and aisles end in apses; 12 th century liturgy

20. Church of Saint- Savin -Sur- Gartempe , 1060-1075 Barrel vaults no clerestory windows or galleries

21. Speyer Cathedral, 1080-1106 (remodeled) 1030-1060 – Ottonion wooden-roofed church 1080-1106 – masonry vault over 100’ high Heavy compound piers and small piers Groin vaults: weight on bay corners – side-wall windows

22. Exterior, Speyer Cathedral

23. Interior, Speyer Cathedral

24. Durham Military outpost on Scottish border Vault experimentation Durham Cathedral – Norman church begun 1087; vaults – 1087 Count-bishop: secular AND religious authority River Wear’s oxbow = natural moat

25. Durham Cathedral

26. Saint-Etienne, Caen, 1060-1077 Normandy, France Dedicated by William the Conqueror Stringcourses: unbroken horizontal moldings at each window level 1096-1100 – façade (13 th century spires)

27. Saint-Etienne, Caen, 1060-1077: facade

28. Saint-Etienne, Caen, 1060-1077: interior

29. Dover Castle, England Roman lighthouse tower Earthworks: rebuilt Angloo -Saxon church 12 th century: Norman Great Tower, surrounding earthworks and wall 13 th century: outer walls

30. Architectural Sculpture

31. Creation and Fall, West Façade, Modena Cathedral, 1099 3’ high, approximately Sculptor Wiligelmus Some of the earliest NARRATIVE sculpture in Italy Used to be painted brightly Inscription: “Among sculptors, your work shines forth, Wiligelmus ”

32. South Portal and Porch, Priory Church of Saint-Pierre, Moissac , 1115

33. Trumeau Detail

34. Last Judgment, Tympanum on West Portal, Cathedral of Saint- Lazare , Autun , 1120-1130; 1130-1145

35. Suicide of Judas (capital) Cathedral of Saint- Lazare , Autun 1125

36. Hildegard of Bingen Hildegard and Volmar , Liber Scivias , 1165-1175 (facsimile frontispiece)

37. Christ in Majesty, apse detail Church of San Climent , Taull , Catalunya , Spain, 1123 Byzantine, Mozarabic , and classical

38. Portable Scullpture : Crucifix ( Majestat Batllo ) – Catalunya , Spain, mid-twelfth century

39. Virgin and Child – Auvergne region, France, late 12 th century Mary as the “Throne of Wisdom”

40. The Mouth of Hell – Winchester Psalter, 1150