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ROOTS
Functions
•absorption of
water and
minerals
•transport of
water and
minerals
h fh•anchorage of the
plant to the soil
•holds soil
particles in place
•storage of food
Types of root systems Origin of ROOTS
1. taproot/ primary root‐from the radicle
•e.g. gymnosperms and dicots,
Origin of ROOTS
2. lateral roots/branch roots –
from the pericycle
•secondary root –from
pericycle of
//main/tap/primary root
•tertiary root‐from pericycle
of secondary root
•quaternary root‐from
pericycle of tertiary root
•Ultimate lateral branches
Æ1
0
state of growth
Æabsorption of water
Æfeeder roots‐‐remain short
and fragile and short‐lived
3. adventitious roots‐roots that
arise from unusual places
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•Root cap
•Epidermis
•Exodermis
•Cortex
Primary State
•Endodermis
•Pericycle
•Vascular
Cylinder
PRIMARY STATE
1. ROOT CAP
•Protects the root meristem
•assists the root in the
penetration of soil during its
growth
•With mucilage
•Consists of living parenchyma
cells containing starch and
are believed to be involved in
gravity perception
PRIMARY STATE
2. EPIDERMIS
•closely packed elongated cells with thin walls,
uncutinized
•If it persists, may become cutinized or suberized,
orlignifiedor lignified
•typically uniseriate
•with root hairs which are typically short‐lived
Velamen
•multiseriate (in Orchids);
•during dry weather, the cells are filled with air;
during rain, they become filled with water;
fi hil i d•functions: mechanical protection and
prevention of excessive loss of water from the
cortex
3. Cortex
•Degree of differentiation is
related to the longevity of
the cortex
•With schizogenous
intercellular spaces
a. Exodermis
•Differentiated as a
protective tissue
•May have casparian strip
suberin lamella cellulose
layers and be lignified
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b. Endodermis
•Universally present in roots
•With casparian strip
•Casparian strip is part of the primary wall;
composed of lignin or suberin or both;
•In the 2
nd
stage
Æsuberin lamella covers the entire wall on the
inside of the cell
Æcasparian strip is separated from the
cytoplasm
•In the third stage,
Æa thick cellulose layer is
deposited over the
suberin lamella
•The thick wall+ original
wall (with casparian
strip)
Æmay become lignified
•ThewallmodificationsThe wall modifications
Æappear first on the face of the phloem
strand and then spread toward the xylem
•Passage cells
Æopposite the xylem allow a limited transfer of
material between the cortex and the vascular
cylinder
4. Pericycle
•Consists of thin‐walled parenchyma
•Concerned with meristematic activities
•Origin of lateral roots and phellogen
•Origin of part of the vascular cambium
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•In monocots may undergo sclerification in
older roots
•In gymnosperms typically multiseriate
5. Vascular cylinder—(+assoc. parenchyma)
•Moreclearlydelimitedfromcortexthanthe•More clearly delimited from cortex than the
shoot:
a. Not interrupted by leaf gaps
b. This tissue is surrounded by the pericycle
c. Endodermis surrounds the pericycle
Vascular System
•Typically has an exarch
xylem
•Typically differentiation of
phloem is centripetal
(protophloempole near (pp p
the periphery of pericycle)
Pith consists of parenchyma,
may become sclerified
Development Roots without 2
0
growth
MONOCOTS– completion of 1
0
growth
•Sclerification of parenchyma cells associated
with the vascular elements
•Development of thick 2
0
walls in the
dd iendodermis
•Differentiation of exodermis
•Cortex is retained and no periderm develops
•The protective tissues are the epidermis and
the exodermis(replaces epidermis if former is
destroyed)
Roots with 2
0
growth
•Vascular cambium develops partly between 1
0
xylem and 1
0
phloem
•Partl
y, vascular cambium develops from the y, p
pericycle
•Pericycle divides periclinally and the
outermost gives rise to the phellogen
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Protective tissue:
•Persisting thick‐walled epidermis (Ranunculus)
•Exodermis (Compositae)
•Dead and collapsed but persisting cortex
(Linaria, Polygonum)
•Subdividedandsuberizedendodermis•Subdivided and suberizedendodermis
(Gentiana)
•Polyderm (Potentilla)
•Periderm of deep seated origin (Saxifragaceae)
Development of lateral roots
•In gymnosperms and angiosperms, originate
from the pericycle
•Endodermis may participate in the initial
growth of the branch root
•Thederivativesoftheendodermiscombined•The derivatives of the endodermis combined
with those of the cortex may form a rootcap‐
like structure called pocket
•In lower vascular plants
Æthe branch roots originate from the
endodermis
•If parent plant has more than 2 xylem poles,
lateral roots emerge opposite the xylem or
phloemp
•if diarch,
in between X and P
Development of Adventitious roots
•Most of them arise endogenously
•Plants with adventitious roots:
Ælower vascular –main root system
Æmonocots
Ædicots –propagated by means of rhizomes
or runners; water plants
•Most of them arise endogenously
•In young stems, adventitious roots derived
from interfascicular parenchyma, phloem, in
perivascularpositionperivascularposition
•In older stems from the vascular ray;
sometimes from the cambial zone
•parenchyma Ævascular elements
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yLittle water enters the rootcap and the apical meristem
yMaximum rates of absorption of water
Æ1
0
xylem is mature and endodermis has casparianstripstrip
yMaximum accumulation of salts
Æclose to the apical meristem
yRoot hairs
y1
0
roots or roots with limited 2
0
growth
Æcortex
ywith 2
0
growth Æparenchymatic and some sclerenchymatic cells of X
and P
yThe hypocotyls and base of the taproot is fleshy
(Daucus, Beta)
yFormation of many branches in the branched type of
root system
yMany adventitious roots in fibrous root system (tt th il l dl bt bi d th il (penetrate the soil less deeply but binds the soil more
tightly)
yRoot hairs play a part in binding the soil
yApical meristem of the root is
subterminal because it is covered
by the root cap
yApical meristem of the shoot is
ilterminal
yThe epidermis of the root has
more varied ontogenetic origin
than that of the shoot
(dermatogen;
dermatocalyptrogen; protoderm)
y
yThe leaf primordia arise directly from the apical
meristem of the shoot and the branches more or less
directly; and both are exogenous
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yThe lateral roots arise independently of the apical
meristem and are endogenous
yVascular system of the shoot differentiates largely or
entirely in relation to the leaves
yThe vascular system of the root develops as an axial
structure independent of the lateral organs
yLeaf gaps and pith are characteristic of the vascular
system of stems except in certain lower vascular plants
yThere are no leaf gaps in the root and frequently no
pith
yThe relation between the regions of the primary body
and the apical initials is often more precise in the root
than in the shoot;
yThe 1
0
vascular tissues of the shoot Æmore or less
discrete bundles (units combining xylem and phloem)
while in the
yRoot Æthe xylem alternates with the phloem
ySHOOTÆ1
0
xylem differentiation is centrifugal in the
shoot (endarch xylem)
yROOT Æcentripetal in the root (exarch xylem)
ylower vascular Æthe 1
0
xylem is exarch in both root
and stem,
yin ferns Æcommonly mesarch in the stem
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yThe boundaries between the tissue systems are quite
precise in the root.
yEndodermis and pericycle are universally present in
roots
yThe root has shorter elongation region than the shoot
and frequently develops no extensible types of
tl lt (ith l d hli l
0
protoxylem elements (with annular and helical 2
0
walls)
yDifferences are quantitative rather than qualitative
yThe 2
0
vascular tissues of the rootÆhigher proportion
of living to non living cells
yRoots have higher bark to wood ratio
yRoots have a lower percentage of the area of the bark
occupied by fibers
yRoots have smaller number of fibers in the xylem
yLarger vessels of more uniform size although
sometimes fewer in number
yA poor differentiation of growth increments
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yFirst periderm arises in the pericycle while in the stem
in the peripheral layers of the axis
yA larger ratio of area of living cells to area of nonliving
cells in both the phloem and the xylem
yMore starch and less tannic substances
yregion of the plant axis where some features are
intermediate or transitional between those of the
shoot and the root