Round-the-year-fodder-production.pptx

Round the year fodder crop production in northern, southern,eastern and western regions of India covering all the available fodders and their cultivation practices, management practices, crop rotations and status of fodder crop availability in India region wise

1. LPM-601 Cattle and Buffalo Production Management Supply of Green Fodder Around The Year in Northern, Southern, Eastern and Western region of India. Prepared by- M. Vamshi 22-P-DX-09 Ph.D Dairy Extension Division Submitted to : Dr. A.K. Mishra and Dr. Champak Bhakat

2. GREEN FODDER Green fodder refers to fresh, succulent plant material that is fed to livestock as a source of nutrition. Green fodder is a rich source of nutrients, including protein, fiber, minerals, and vitamins, and can help to meet the nutritional requirements of livestock. It can be harvested and fed to livestock in various forms, including as fresh-cut material, silage, or hay. Silage is made by fermenting green fodder in airtight conditions, while hay is made by drying green fodder in the sun or with artificial heat.

3. Quantity Required for adult animal ( cattle and Buffalo) An adult animal requires minimum 10% of green fodder of its body weight. As a thumb rule - 2/3rd should be non-legume fodder & 1/3rd legume fodder Sole feeding of only non-legume fodder or legume fodder causes imbalance. So, feeding of fodder through above thumb rule is very necessary. Non-legume fodder is rich in energy than protein and it is used for supplying energy. legume fodder is rich in protein and it is used for supplying body building proteins and increases milk production.

4. The dairy farmers have been looking forward for the improved technology that provides a continuous flow of green fodder though out the year. In greater part of India there are two lean periods April to June November to December Silage is an alternative for green fodder, but is still a dream for Indian dairy farmers. Under these circumstances certain cropping plans have been formulated to ensure year round supply of green fodder.

5. In dairy farming, Profit depends upon the feeding and management practices. Long term economical milk production along with the maintenance of better health and fertility of the dairy animals can only be achieved through feeding of quality green fodder in balanced ratio. Productivity of cultivated fodder crops is also very low, as these are getting least attention in allocation of production resources and lack of information on recent development in production techniques. This needs to be tackled by educating the forage growers about the recent development in production technique of the fodder crops. Thus, the need of the hour is not only to enhance the fodder production, but also to make the fodder accessible round the year to all types of dairy animals adequately.

6. Quality Feed and Fodder for Enhanced Productivity of Livestock For full exploitation of milk production of dairy animals, it is imperative that nutritious lush green fodder is to be made available at the rate of about 40-50 kg per adult animal per day throughout the year. So to feed this livestock population, we have to design some innovative strategies so that the produce from agriculture could effectively be utilized for livestock feeding. Under such situation, various fodder crops can be effectively used as feed in form of green fodder, dry fodder and conserved as silage providing feed ROUND THE YEAR.

7. Green Fodder Scenario in India Green fodder production round the year is highly essential for economic and environmental sustainability of dairy production. As per the estimates of the National Action Plan on Fodder & Feed Security Programme, 2017, the deficit in the feed and fodder is increasing with every passing year and by 2025 the deficit of green fodder will be highest at 40 percent. The area under green fodder production is stagnating at 4% of the gross cropped area. In rural areas around 50% of livestock dependent on grazing in forest and pasture areas which are monsoon based so there is huge deficit of green fodder in quality and quantity wise during lean season.

8. Scenario of green fodder availability and future requirement Year Deficit as % of demand (actual demand) Supply (in million tones) Demand (in million tones) Deficit as % of demand (actual demand) 1995 379.3 947 59.95(568) 2000 384.5 988 61.10(604) 2005 389.9 1025 61.96(635) 2010 395.2 1061 62.76(666) 2015 400.6 1097 63.50(696) 2020 405.9 1134 64.21(728) 2025 411.3 1170 64.87(759) Source : Draft Report of Working Group on Animal Husbandry and Dairying

9. Reasons of Low productivity are- -- Inadequate availability of quality fodder The total area under cultivated fodder is only 8.4 m ha (5.23%) which is static. Total green fodder and dry fodder availability in India is 732.2 mt and 326.4 mt against requirement of 827.19 mt and 426.1 mt respectively. Poor genetic constitution along with pest and disease attack The fodder production in the country is not sufficient to meet the requirements of the growing livestock population and also the forages offered to animal are mostly of poor quality. This gap in demand and supply is rising due to consistent growth of livestock population at the rate of 1.23% in the coming years.

10. Types/ Classification of Green Fodder on the basis of season of cultivation on the basis of plant family and duration of Crop Kharif Summer Rabi Legumes Non-Legumes Annual Perennial Annual Perennial

11. Some fodder crops grown on basis of classification On the basis of season of cultivation 1. Kharif Fodder (June – September)- cowpea, field bean, bajra , shorghum , maize, etc. 2. Rabi fodder (October – Dec/Jan) – berseem , lucerne , oats, barley, etc. 3. Summer fodder (April – June)- cowpea, maize, field bean, sorghum, bajra, etc. On the basis of plant family and duration of crop 1. Legumes (Annual and perennial) Annual- Berseem , cowpea, stylo , guar, etc. Perennial- Lucerne, Stylo , Subabaul , Dashrath etc. 2. Non-legumes (Annual and perennial) Annual- maize, jowar , bajara , oat, etc. Perennial- Hybrid napier , Gunea grass, Para grass, Rhodes grass, Anjan Grass etc.

12. Production Technology for Green Fodder Availability Throughout the year S. No Particulars Hybride napier / Bajra Cowpea/ Guar Berseem/Lucerne Cowpea Cowpea Guar Berseem Lucerne 1 Sowing February- july July( kharif ) October(Rabi) March( zaid ) 2 Harvesting 1 st cutting-75-80 DAP Successive 40-45 DI (Summer) 30-35 DI (Other) 60-75 DAS at 50% flowering 60-75 DAS (Flowering or podding ) 1 st - 50-55 DAS Successive 25-30 DI 1st- 55-60 DAS Successive 25-30 DI 50% Flowering 3 Yield (q/ha) 1000 200 250 650 700 150 4 Yield (q/ha) 2000-2100

13. Cultivated land Total green fodder availability Percent green fodder availability Green Fodder requirement Percent green fodder deficit/ surplus EASTERN REGION 67410.2 80745.4 58.8 137381.6 -41.20 WESTERN REGION 165507 185087.8 93.67 197592.3 -6.33 NORTHERN REGION 106280.7 114075.2 233.05 48947.8 133.05 SOUTHERN REGION 66495.1 79835.7 56.14 142219.9 -43.86 ALL INDIA 645941.8 734193.8 88.75 827189.3 -11.24 In (‘ ooo t)

14. The availability of green fodder varies across different regions of India due to differences in climate, rainfall, soil, and agricultural practices. Overall, the supply of green fodder in India is highly dependent on the seasonal variations in rainfall and temperature. Farmers in different regions of the country use various strategies to ensure a steady supply of green fodder, including growing different types of fodder crops, preserving and storing fodder, and using irrigation to grow crops year-round.

15. NORTHERN REGION Includes states such as Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar, . In summer, the supply of green fodder is limited due to high temperatures and low rainfall. However, during the monsoon season (June to September), there is an abundant supply of green fodder due to increased rainfall. In the winter months, the supply of green fodder is limited due to low temperatures and frost. Punjab and Haryana are surplus in green fodder availability with overall surplus of 133.05%. Major source of green fodder is cultivated land (59 mt in Punjab and 46 mt in Haryana) followed by pasture land in Haryana (87.5 thousand tonnes ) and fallow land (2 mt) in Punjab. The dairies are most profitable in these states with highest level of milk production and productivity. Technology adoption is also very high and productivity of forage crops as well as cropping intensity is highest among the country

16. Intensive forage sequences recommended for different regions The intensive cropping systems when managed properly using modern techniques of soil and crop management are able to yield 180 – 300 tonnes of green fodder per ha/year.

17. North Zone Maize + Cowpea – Sorghum + Cowpea (two cuts) – Berseem + Mustard. Sudan grass + Cowpea – Maize + Cowpea – Turnip – Oats (two cuts). Hybrid Napier or Setaria inter-planted with cowpea in summer and Berseem in winter (9 -10 cuts/year). Teosinte + Cowpea (two cuts) – Carrot – Oats + Mustard/ Senji (two cuts). Some of the intensive cropping systems have been suggested for different regions.

18. WESTERN REGION Includes states such as Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Rajasthan, has a semi-arid to arid climate with low rainfall. As a result, the supply of green fodder is limited, particularly in the summer and winter months. However, some areas in this region have access to irrigation and can grow fodder crops year-round while Gujarat and Maharashtra are surplus in green fodder availability, on the other hand Rajasthan and Goa are deficit in green fodder. In all these states, major source of green fodder is from cultivated land followed by pasture land in Gujarat, Rajasthan and Maharashtra and cultivated wasteland in Goa. Overall deficit of green fodder in west zone is 6.3 %. In these states livestock rearing is in good practice. The livestock product especially small ruminant's meat is exported to nearby states.

19. Western Zone • Bajra + Guar ( Clusterbean ) (two cuts) – Annual Lucerne (6 cuts). • MP Chari (sorghum bicolor )+ Cowpea (2 cuts) – Maize + Cowpea – Teosinte + Cowpea (2 cuts). • Hybrid Napier or Guinea or Setaria grass inter-planted with Cowpea in summer + Berseem in winter (8-9 cuts/year). • Hybrid Napier or Guinea or Setaria grass interplanted with Lucerne (8-9 cuts/ year).

20. EASTERN REGION Includes states such as West Bengal, Odisha, and Jharkhand, has a humid subtropical climate with high rainfall. This region has a good supply of green fodder throughout the year, with some seasonal variations. During the monsoon season, there is an abundance of green fodder, while in the winter months, the supply is limited All the states are in deficit of green fodder with maximum deficit occurring in Jharkhand (67.7%) followed by Odisha (44.8%). In all these states major source of green fodder is cultivated land followed by pasture land in Odisha, forests in Jharkhand and West Bengal and fallow land in Bihar. Overall deficit of green fodder in central zone is 41.2%. There is need of introduction of new technologies and allocation of more areas under forage especially rice fallow areas. The productivity of animals and milk production is also very less in this zone

21. Eastern Zone • Maize + Cowpea – Teosinte + Rice bean (2 cuts) – Berseem + Mustard (3 cuts). • MP. Chari + Cowpea – Dinanath grass (2 cuts) – Berseem + Mustard (3 cuts). • Hybrid Napier or Setaria grass inter-planted with Subabul or Common Sesbania (Sesbania sesban ) (9-10 cuts/year).

22. SOUTHERN REGION Includes states such as Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, and Andhra Pradesh, has a tropical climate with high temperatures and heavy rainfall. As a result, there is a steady supply of green fodder throughout the year, with some seasonal variations. Overall deficit of 43.9% in green fodder availability. All the four states in south zone are deficit in green fodder with maximum in Andhra Pradesh (62.9%) and Tamil Nadu (36%). Major source of green fodder availability is cultivated land in all the states in south zone followed by forests in Andhra Pradesh and Kerala, pasture land in Karnataka and fallow land in Tamil Nadu. However in these states the green fodder availability is going to increase due to rapid penetration of new technologies especially perennial NB hybrid and perennial sorghum which is giving round the year green fodder to farmers. On all India basis, there is an overall deficit of 11.24%in green fodder availability in the country. Total green fodder availability is 734.2 mt against requirement of 827.19mt.

23. Southern Zone • Sorghum + Cowpea (3 cuts) – Maize + Cowpea – Maize + Cowpea. • Hybrid Napier or Guinea or Setaria grass inter-planted with Lucerne (8-9 cuts) or Hybrid Napier + Subabul / Sesbania (9-11 cuts/year). • Sudan grass + Cowpea (3 cuts) – M.P. Chari + Cowpea (three cuts). • Para grass + Centro ( Centrosema pubescens ) (9-11 cuts/year). Attempts were made to select suitable ideotypes of perennial grass and forage-legume components in order to reduce the necessity of repeated sowing and tillage and to economize the use of irrigation water in the system. This resulted in the identification of an erect, leafy and compact hybrid napier -IGFRI No. 3 and K 8 variety of subabul ( Leucaena leucocephala ). These crops when grown together in alternate paired rows (2:2) yielded around 200 tonnes of nutritious green forage/ha/year.

24. Different measures to improve fodder production Improved variety and seeds Development of wasteland and other community lands Fodder Banks Entrepreneurship Development in fodder production and conservation Fodder conservation and value addition of crop residue/by-products

25. S. No Crop Improved Varieties for green fodder 1 Maize African tall, J-1006, Vijay composite 2 Sorghum SSG 59-3, PC-23,PC-9,PC-6,HC-136,MP Chari 3 Hybrid Napier IGFRI-6,IGFRI-10,CO-4,NB-21, PNB-84 4 bajra Giant bajra, L-74, GFB-1, HC 20, AVKB-19 IMPROVED VARIETIES

26. Berseem Sorghum

27. Maize Oats

28. Cow pea Lucerne

29. References Suman, M., Thakur ,D .(2021). Round the year availability of green fodder: A step to profitable dairy farming. Indian Dairyman. Roy, A.K. et al.(2019).Revisiting national forage demand and availability Scenario . Indian fodder scenario : redefining state wise status. ICAR- AICRP on forage crops and utilization, Jhansi, India, 1-21. Gupta, S.K.et al. (2019). Strategies to increase quality and availability of green fodder production in eastern region of India : A review. International Journal of chemical studies.sp6:216-222.