RPH GROUP 3-REPORTING hahahahahahah.pptx

History

1. READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

2. GROUP 3:  Revolutionary Gov’t and Philippine American War  THE PHILIPPINE UNDER AMERICAN & JAPANESE The American government  The American Influences-  The Commonwealth Government  The Philippines under the Japanese Military  The battle against Oppressors TOPICS

3. Revolutionary Gov’t and Philippine American War

4. Revolutionary Government of the Philippines The  Revolutionary Government of the Philippines  ( Spanish :  Gobierno Revolucionario de Filipinas ) was a  revolutionary government  established in the  Spanish East Indies  on June 23, 1898, during the  Spanish–American War , by  Emilio Aguinaldo , its initial and only president. The government succeeded a  dictatorial government  that had been established by Aguinaldo on June 18 and was dissolved and replaced by this government upon its establishment. [5] [6]  This government endured until January 23, 1899, when the proclamation of the  Malolos Constitution  established an insurgent  Philippine Republic  government that replaced it.

5. Philippine–American War The  Philippine–American War , known alternatively as the  Philippine Insurrection ,  Filipino–American War , or  Tagalog Insurgency , emerged following the conclusion of the  Spanish–American War  in December 1898 when the  United States  annexed the  Philippine Islands  under the  Treaty of Paris .  Philippine nationalists  constituted the  First Philippine Republic  in January 1899, seven months after signing the  Philippine Declaration of Independence . The United States did not recognize either event as legitimate, and tensions escalated until fighting commenced on February 4, 1899 in the  Battle of Manila .

6. THE PHILIPPINE UNDER AMERICAN & JAPANESE

7. PHILIPPINES UNDER AMERICAN The  history of the Philippines  from 1898 to 1946 is known as the  American colonial period , and began with the outbreak of the  Spanish–American War  in April 1898, when the Philippines was still a colony of the  Spanish East Indies , and concluded when the  United States   formally recognized the independence  of the  Republic of the Philippines  on July 4, 1946.

8. PHILIPPINES UNDER JAPANESE The  Japanese occupation of the Philippines  ( Filipino :  Pananakop ng mga Hapones sa Pilipinas ;  occurred between 1942 and 1945, when the  Japanese Empire  occupied the  Commonwealth of the Philippines  during  World War II . The  invasion of the Philippines  started on 8 December 1941, ten hours after the  attack on Pearl Harbor . As at Pearl Harbor, American aircraft were severely damaged in the initial Japanese attack. Lacking air cover, the American  Asiatic Fleet  in the Philippines withdrew to  Java  on 12 December 1941. General  Douglas MacArthur   was ordered out, leaving his men  at  Corregidor  on the night of 11 March 1942 for Australia, 4,000 km away. The 76,000 starving and sick American and Filipino defenders in  Bataan  surrendered on 9 April 1942, and were forced to endure the infamous  Bataan Death March  on which 7,000–10,000 died or were murdered. The 13,000 survivors on Corregidor surrendered on 6 May.

9. AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

10. AMERICAN GOVERNMENT The American government played a significant role in the history of the Philippines, especially during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Here’s a summary of the key phases of American influence in the Philippines: 1. The Spanish-American War (1898) The United States became involved in the Philippines during the Spanish-American War. After defeating Spain, the U.S. gained control of the Philippines through the Treaty of Paris in December 1898, marking the end of over 300 years of Spanish colonial rule. 2. Philippine-American War (1899–1902) After Spain ceded the Philippines to the U.S., tensions rose between Filipino nationalists, who sought independence, and the U.S. government, which sought to establish control. This led to the Philippine-American War , a brutal conflict that lasted until 1902, although some resistance continued until 1913. 3. Establishment of American Colonial Rule (1902–1935) After the war, the United States formally established a colonial government in the Philippines under the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 . 4. Philippine Independence (1946) On July 4, 1946 , following the post-war recovery period, the Philippines was granted full independence by the United States, marking the end of American colonial rule. This was in line with the earlier promise of independence following the Commonwealth period.

11. AMERICAN INFLUENCE 1. Political Influence The U.S. established democratic institutions in the Philippines, transitioning from Spanish colonial rule. The U.S. implemented a presidential system , similar to its own, with checks and balances and a separation of powers. This has remained the foundation of the Philippine political system, with regular national and local elections. 2. Education The U.S. established a modern public education system , accessible to the broader population. This initiative aimed to increase literacy and promote American ideals like democracy and self-governance. Education became a major tool for Americanization, fostering a shared national identity. 3. Language English Language : English was made the medium of instruction in schools, and it became one of the official languages of the Philippines. Today, English proficiency remains high, and it is widely used in business, government, and education. 4. Cultural Influence The U.S. brought elements of its culture to the Philippines, which have been adopted and localized. Basketball is one of the most popular sports in the country, a direct result of American influence. Similarly, American films, music, and TV shows have become deeply embedded in Filipino culture.

12. COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT

13. The Commonwealth GOVERNMENT of the Philippines The Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935–1946) was an important transitional period in Philippine history, marking the bridge between U.S. colonial rule and full independence. The Commonwealth was designed to give Filipinos greater self-governance as they prepared for complete sovereignty after a 10-year transition period. Here are 3 aspects of the Commonwealth government: 1. *Political Structure* - The Commonwealth government was designed as a democratic republic, modeled after the U.S. system. It had a *presidential system* with a *bicameral legislature* (Senate and House of Representatives) and an independent *judiciary* . 2. *Preparation for Independence* - A primary objective of the Commonwealth was to prepare the Philippines for full independence from the United States. Programs were launched to strengthen governance, infrastructure, the economy, and national defense. 3. *Limited Sovereignty* - Although the Philippines had autonomy in domestic affairs, key aspects like *foreign policy and military defense* were still controlled by the United States.

14. The Philippines under the Japanese Military The Philippines under the Japanese Military

15. The Philippines under the Japanese Military Attack on Pearl Harbor and the Philippines : Hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Japanese forces began bombing key military and economic targets in the Philippines. Massacres and Executions : The Japanese occupation was marked by widespread atrocities. Civilians suspected of being part of the resistance or collaborating with American forces were summarily executed. Comfort Women : The Japanese military established brothels where Filipino women, often referred to as comfort women , were forced into sexual slavery. Bataan Death March : After the fall of Bataan, the Japanese forced 60,000–80,000 Filipino and American prisoners of war on a grueling 65-mile march to prison camps. Known as the Bataan Death March , thousands died along the way from starvation, disease, or execution.

16. The battle against Oppressors

17. The battle against Oppressors 1. The Philippine Revolution (1896–1898) This was a fight for independence from Spanish colonial rule , which had lasted for over three centuries. Led by figures like Andrés Bonifacio and Emilio Aguinaldo , the revolution began after years of economic and social injustices imposed by the Spanish government and the friars. 2. Philippine-American War (1899–1902) 2. Spanish-American War ended in 1898, the Philippines found itself in conflict with the United States, which had taken control of the islands through the Treaty of Paris . Filipino revolutionaries, initially fighting for independence from Spain, resisted the new American colonial regime. 3. World War II and the Japanese Occupation (1942–1945) During World War II, the Philippines was invaded and occupied by Imperial Japan . Filipino forces, along with American allies, fought against the Japanese occupiers. The Battle of Bataan and the Death March were significant events during this time. The Hukbalahap ( Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon ), a guerrilla movement composed of Filipino peasants and soldiers, also fought against the Japanese occupation. Liberation came in 1945, with heavy casualties and destruction.

18. 4. The Martial Law Era (1972–1986) Under President Ferdinand Marcos , the Philippines experienced an era of domestic oppression with the declaration of Martial Law in 1972. Marcos suspended civil liberties, controlled the media, and arrested political opponents. The period was marked by widespread human rights abuses, corruption, and economic decline. However, resistance to the dictatorship grew, leading to the People Power Revolution in 1986, a peaceful uprising that ousted Marcos and restored democracy. 5. Current Struggles Against Social and Political Oppression Various groups in the Philippines continue to fight against what they perceive as modern forms of oppression. Indigenous peoples, labor unions, peasant movements, and human rights organizations push back against economic inequality, land dispossession, extrajudicial killings, and other forms of state violence. The ongoing conflict between the government and communist insurgents like the New People’s Army (NPA) is also part of the broader struggle against oppression.