RUDP and RDP.pptx rumin degradable protein

Rumen undegrdable protein and rumen degrdable protein sources

1. Digestion & Utilization of RDP,RUP and NPN substances in ruminants Submitted by: Sarmad Jamshaid Reg.# F23BNUTR3M01002 M.Phil. Animal Nutrition 2 nd semester Course: RUM NUTR 32204 Submitted to: Prof. Dr. Nasir Ali Tauqeer

2. Introduction Protein is important for ruminants. Growth and development Reproduction Milk production Rumen microbial health Enzyme functions Ruminant protein digestion differs from mono-gastric animals, with the rumen being a specialized foregut where microbial fermentation is pivotal for protein breakdown and utilization.

3. Digestion of protein

4. Fractions of dietary protein Rumen degradable Protein (RDP) Rumen undegradable protein (UDN) Rumen Degradable Protein (RDP) is the fraction of Crude Protein ( CP) consumed which is broken down by rumen microbes. And remaining protein which reaches the small intestine without degradation called as Rumen undegradable protein (UDN).

5. Digestion of Rumen degradable Protein (RDP) Rumen degradable Protein (RDP) hydrolysed to peptides and amino acids by rumen microorganisms, B ut some amino acids are degraded further, to organic acids, ammonia and carbon dioxide. The main proteolytic organisms are Prevotella ruminicola , Peptostreptococci species and the protozoa. 1- Hydrolysis of peptide bonds to produce peptides and amino acids . 2- Deamination and degradation of amino acids .

6. The ammonia produced due those processes , together with some small peptides and free amino acids, is utilised by the rumen organisms to synthesise microbial proteins. Some of the microbial protein is broken down in the rumen and its nitrogen is recycled (i.e. taken up by microorganisms). The NRC (2001 ) suggests that maximum milk and milk protein yields occur when RDP is 9.5-10.5% of diet dry matter.

7. An important feature of the formation of microbial protein is that bacteria are capable of synthesizing indispensable (lysine, Methionine, threonine and tryptophan) as well as dispensable amino acids (glutamine and serine). The ammonia in rumen liquor is the key intermediate in microbial degradation and synthesis of protein. Estimates of the optimum concentration of ammonia in rumen liquor vary widely, from 85 mg/ L to over 300 mg/ L ( Gumilar et al. 2018)

8. Limitations of RDP Ammonia : Excessive intake of RDP can lead to ammonia toxicity and nitrogen loss through urinary excretion. Supplementation frequency : According to Bohnert et al. (2002) DM digestibility decrease with increase in RDP from daily to every 6 days. Fiber digestibility: There is negative correlation between NDF, ADF and RDP. High content in diet will decrease RDP and increase RUP.

9. Factors Affecting Ruminal Protein Degradation Chemical Nature of the proteins Solubility – More soluble proteins degraded faster some soluble proteins not extensively degraded Egg ovalbumin, serum proteins 3-dimensional structure – Affects solubility & availability Chemical bonding Disulfide bonds – Reduces degradation

10. Physical barriers Cell walls of plants Cross linking of peptide chains – Reduces degradation E.g. Aldehydes, Tannins Feed intake Rate of passage – Time proteins remain in the rumen Feed processing Rate of passage (conditioning time 18-20 sec) Heat damage – Complexes with carbohydrates

11. Rumen undegradable protein ( RUP ) digestion Rumen undegradable protein (UDN) is also called bypass protein or escaped protein or rumen undegradable protein (RUP) . It is the portion of intake protein that escapes rumen degradation and is digested directly in the small intestine. About 80 to 85 % of the microbial bacterial protein or true protein that flows out of the rumen is digested in the small intestine and it is expressed as a percentage of crude protein (CP).

12. Protein digestion in the small intestine The nitrogen entering the duodenum is a combination of microbial protein, undegraded protein and endogenous protein. Nitrogen entering the small intestine from the stomach can range from 30 - 100% microbial protein and - 70 % undegraded protein. Digestion of protein in the abomasum and the small intestine in ruminants is similar to that in monogastric animals. The digestion of protein in the abomasum is carried out mainly by pepsin in a very acidic environment (pH 2).

13. Absorption of amino acids and peptides The most active site of amino acid and peptide absorption is the mid to lower ileum. There is a preferential absorption of essential over non - essential amino acids from digesta flowing through the small intestine. For example, absorption of lysine and methionine is higher than the absorption of glutamine and glycine .

14. Determination of RUP by f lowrate digesta method In situ Nylon bag technique (whole cotton seed meal and palm meal) In vitro un degradable protein measurement ( Kjeldahl method)

15. Sources of Bypass Protein Naturally Protected Proteins (Fish meal, blood meal and feather meal) Heat Treatment ( Maillard reactions ) Chemical Treatment ( Formaldehyde , lignosulfate ) Esophageal Groove (For young one, liquid protein) Post Rumen Infusion (Fistula) Encapsulation of Proteins (Vitamins, minerals and probiotics) Amino Acids Analogs ( Methionine hydroxyl) Lowering Ruminal Protease Activity Decreasing Retention Time in Rumen

16. Formaldehyde Treatment Formaldehyde treatment of high quality proteins results in the formation of cross links with amino group. It makes protein less susceptible to microbial attack ( CzerKawski , 1986) These are highly stable in the near pH of rumen but are readily hydrolyzed in acidic pH of lower digestive tract.

17. Naturally Protected Proteins Feed UDP % Maize (grain) 53 Barley 21 Sorghum 52 Bajra 68 Oat grain 14–20 Wheat grain 20–36 Cotton seed meal 41–50 Linseed meal 11–45 Ground nut meal 30 Rapeseed meal 23 Soybean meal 34 Sunflower meal 24 Corn Gluten 60% 65- 70 Feed UDP % Blood meal 76 – 82 Fish meal 71 – 80 Meat meal 53 – 76 Brewers dried 53 Wheat bread 29 Corn silage 27 Rice straw 63 Wheat straw 45 Para grass 52 Cow pea 32 – 45 Berseem 37 – 52 Alfa-Alfa 28 ( INRAE-CIRAD )

18. Importance of Bypass Protein Required for medium and high lactating and growing animals mainly in early lactation . Provision of first limiting amino acids Increase in Milk production by 10-15 %. Good increase in live weight gain of meat purpose animals. Exposes essential and limiting amino acids directly to Intestine. Reduces Milk Production cost.

19. Why Limit High RUP Proteins in Lactating Cows Animal byproducts tend to reduce feed intake p alatability d ecreased feed intake reduces microbial protein synthesis Plant byproducts may have poor amino acid balance , c orn proteins deficient in lysine . Quality of RUP proteins can be variable Protein requirements may have been met First limiting amino acid might not be increased Overestimation of degradation of other supplemental proteins .

20. Comparison of Degradable and Un-degradable Protein Feature Degradable Protein Undegradable Protein Degradation site Rumen Small intestine Degradation products Ammonia and amino acids Amino acids Utilization Microbial protein synthesis Direct amino acid supply Benefits High-quality protein source Essential amino acids Limitations Ammonia toxicity, nitrogen loss Reduced microbial protein synthesis

21. Non-Protein Nitrogenous Substances (NPN) NPN are nitrogen-containing compounds that are not protein. NPN sources Urea Ammonia (NH3) Nitrates (NO3) young grass silage immature root crop

22. M icrobial protein synthesis R educe the need for protein supplementation, especially when dietary protein sources are expensive or limited supporting milk production Limitations Rumen microbes have limited capacity to utilize NPN, and excessive intake can lead to ammonia toxicity and environmental pollution. Benefits of NPN

23. Optimizing Protein utilization To optimize protein utilization in ruminants, it is crucial to: Balance dietary protein sources to provide both degradable and un-degradable protein Maintain a healthy rumen environment for efficient microbial protein synthesis Consider animal factors and adjust protein intake accordingly Utilize proper feed processing and supplementation strategies

24. Conclusion Proper understanding of degradable and un-degradable protein and NPN is essential for efficient animal nutrition. Feeding strategies should be tailored to the specific needs of the animal and production system. Balancing protein sources, quality, and feed processing can optimize protein utilization and animal performance.

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