Runway orientation

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1. RUNWAY ORIENTATION Teja Tallam Vnr Vjiet 1 RUNWAY ORIENTATION Teja Tallam Vnr Vjiet

2. “Rectangular area on an aerodrome used for landing and take off “ Runway orientation is important in airport planning Current practice is to layout a runway in the direction of prevailing wind – wind force can be utilized Direction of runway controls the layout of other facilities(passenger terminals, taxiways/aprons, circulation roads, parking etc ) RUNWAY 2

3. Map or area and contours – for examining the flatness of the area and possible changes in longitudinal profile Wind data – direction, duration and intensity of wind Wind direction is variable and keeps on changing throughout the year. Wind data can be obtained for 5 to 10 years from the Meteorological department. Types of Wind: Head Wind: Wind blowing from opposite direction of head or nose of aircraft. It provides braking effect during landing and greater lift on wings during take-off. Thus length of runway gets decreased by 10%. Tail Wind: Wind which is blown in same direction as on aircraft. It increases stopping distance and lift-off distance. Dangerous too. Cross Wind: makes an angle with the direction of aircraft movement ( VsinO ). If this component is more then aircraft may not manoeuver safely. Generally it should not be more than 25kmph Data required 3

4. Wind components 4

5. Wind Coverage : it is the % of time in a year during which the cross wind component remains within the limit. ICAO and FAA recommends minimum wind coverage of 95% Calm Period: it is the period in which the wind intensity remains below 6.4kmph Calm period = 100 – wind coverage 5

6. An approach often used in determining the runway orientation Area is divided into 16 parts (22.5 degree each) 2 methods are available Type -1 : based on Direction and Duration of wind Concentric circles indicate percentage duration of wind Radial lines indicate direction of wind Type-2 : based on Direction Duration and Intensity of wind Radial lines indicate direction of wind Concentric circles indicate intensity of wind Deviation upto 33 degree can be allowed WIND ROSE ANALYSIS 6

7. Type – 1 Wind Rose 7

8. Type – 2 Wind Rose 8

9. FAA includes over 20 runway layouts Amongst them there are 4 basic runway patterns : Single runway P arallel runway Dual parallel runway intersecting runways open-v runways RUNWAY CONFIGURATION 9

10. 10 SINGLE RUNWAY: simplest of all Capacity – 50 to 100 operations per hour

11. PARALLEL RUNWAYS 11 Capacity depends on no. of runways and spacing b/w them Based on spacing Close Intermediate Far

12. INTERSECTING RUNWAYS 12 Two or more runways that cross each other are classified as intersecting runways. This type of runway is used when there are relatively strong prevailing winds from more than one direction during the year . Capacity – 70 to 175 operations per hour

13. OPEN-V RUNWAYS 13 Runways diverging from different directions but do not intersect and form an open-V shape are ‘OPEN-V runways’

14. 14 Lakshadweep

15. C olorado

16. 16 Madeira airport

17. 17 Nepal

18. 18 St. Martens airport @ Caribbean

19. 19 Ski Resort in Alps

20. 20 Gisborne Railway track

21. 21 Slippery ice runway at Antarctica

22. These lights are used to assist pilot in to identify the runway GREEN THRESHOLD LIGHTS : Line the runway edge RED LIGHTS : Mark the end of runway BLUE LIGHTS : Run alongside taxiways While runways have YELLOW or WHITE lights marking their edges RUNWAY LIGHTING 22

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24. Various kinds of runway signs are also used for facilitation They differ according to their purpose and action RUNWAY SIGNS 24

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26. THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME THE END 26