Rural and Urban Disparity - consumption patterns

It is a ppt that gives a very clear idea about the urban rural disparity in india specially about the buying patterns of the consumer

1. RURAL -URBAN DISPARITY IN INDIA

2. “India’ssoullivesinvillages”.Rural
developmentisthekeytoIndia’soverallsocial
development.ThepersonalityofIndiacannotbe
enhancedwithouttheraisingpersonalityof
ruralIndia.Heaptlysaid,‘Unlesswe
reconstructandimprovethevillages,Indiawill
perish.
Mahatma Gandhi

3. •To understand the concept of Rural-Urban
disparity
•To find the Socio-economic indicators of
disparity
•To review the efforts to minimize the disparity
•To know the policy options for reducing the
disparity

4. Dictionarymeaning:Thesearelargeand
isolatedareaswithlowpopulation
densityandmajorityofpeopledepends
onagricultureasamainoccupation.
RURAL

5. Itisanareawherepeopleliveinlarge
numbersandthedensityofpopulationis
highandlargepartofpopulation
engagedinnonagriculturalactivities.
(Philip A. Houser and Judah Metras)
URBAN

6. “Rural-Urbandisparityisthegap
betweentheruralandurbanareasin
gettingthebasicamenitieslikefood,
education,healthetc.tofullfilltheir
desires”
(Balraj, 1997).
RURAL-URBAN disparity

7. DISPARITIES CAN BEBASED ON
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS
(Choudhary, 1997)
Population
Income
Employment / unemployment
Education/ literacy
Consumption expenditure
Access to consumer assets and basic amenities
Poverty levels
Health facilities

9. Itisthenumberofinhabitantsofagiven
sexand/oragegroupthatactuallylivewithin
theborderlimitsofthecountry,territory,or
geographicareaataspecificpointoftime.
POPULATION

10. YEARS ALL INDIA GROWTH
RATE*
POPULATION (LAKHS)
RURAL URBAN TOTAL
1901 2125.4 258.5 2383.9 -
1911 2261.5 259.4 2520.9 5.75
1921 2232.3 281.9 2513.2 -0.31
1931 2455.2 334.6 2729.8 11.0
1941 2745.1 441.5 3186.6 14.22
1951 2986.5 624.4 3610.9 13.31
1961 3602.9 789.4 4392.3 21.64
1971 4390.5 1091.1 5481.6 24.8
1991 6286.9 2176.1 8463.0 23.86
2001 7416.6 2853.6 10270.2 21.34
Table 1: POPULATION AND ITS GROWTH FROM 1901 TO 2001
Census of India ,2001
Contd…

11. Contd…
Fig 1 : Trends in urbanisation in India

13. Contd…
Fig 2: Average Per Capita Income and GDP Growth Rate

14. Particulars 1970-71 1980-81 1993-94 1999-00
RuralUrban RuralUrban RuralUrban RuralUrban
Share in
population
(%)
80.2219.7876.8823.1273.5126.4972.5327.47
Per capita
income at
current prices
(Rs)
529 1294 1245 2888 5783135251060630217
Ratio of urban
income to
rural income
2.45 - 2.32 - 2.34 - 2.85 -
Table 2: TRENDS IN RURAL URBAN INCOME DISPARITY
IN INDIA
GOI, National Account Statistics,2007,CSO
Contd…

15. 0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
1970-71 1980-81 1993-94 1999-00
year
income gap in rupees
income gap in rupees Fig 3: URBAN-RURAL PER CAPITA INCOME GAP IN
INDIA
Contd…
GOI, National Account Statistics,2007,CSO

17. Anytypeofworkperformedor
servicesrenderedinexchangefor
compensation.Compensationmayinclude
money(cash)ortheequivalentintuition,
fees,books,supplies,room,orforany
otherbenefit.
Employment

18. Sl.
No.
Particulars
1983 to
1993-1994
1993-1994
to 1999-2000
1999-2000 to
2004-2005
A. Rural:
Male 1.91 0.78 2.17
Female 1.39 -0.11 3.58
Total 1.72 0.47 2.67
B. Urban:
Male 3.04 2.98 3.25
Female 3.36 1.65 4.82
Total 3.10 2.70 3.57
C. Combined :
Male 2.19 1.37 2.48
Female 1.64 0.15 3.78
Total 2.01 0.98 2.89
Table 3: ANNUAL GROWTH RATE IN USUAL STATUS
EMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Source: Unniand Raveendran(2007), Economic and Political Weekly, p. 196.
Contd…

19. Annual rates of employment growth
for usual status workers (per cent)
1.36
2.77
2.03
3.39
0.66
2.27
1.97
3.22
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Rural Urban
1983 to 1987-881987-88 to 1993-941993-94 to 1999-20001999-2000 to 2004-05 Fig 4: India Employment growth
Contd…
Source: Unniand Raveendran(2007), Economic and Political Weekly, p. 196.

20. EDUCATION

21. Processofproductionofdesirable
changesinhumanbehavior.
EDUCATION

22. Fig 4: Rural –Urban Differences in Enrollment Rates
Contd…

23. Year Rural Urban Total
1951 12.10 34.59 18.33
1961 22.50 54.40 28.30
1971 27.90 60.20 34.45
1981 36.00 76.20 43.57
1991 44.70 73.10 52.21
2001 59.40 80.30 65.38
Table 5: Rural-Urban literacy rate 1951-2001
Source : census of India, 2001
Contd…

24. Head’s education
level
Rural Urban
Hhds Pop Income Hhds Pop Income
No formal education 50.8150.0642.3415.6917.06 9.72
Below primary 11.4111.5011.08 4.93 5.48 4.45
Below middle 14.3914.8115.6412.1512.28 8.34
Below secondary 8.50 8.74 9.99 10.4010.74 7.53
Below higher
secondary
10.1410.0813.4121.8821.4622.31
Undergraduate 2.43 2.44 3.61 9.22 8.84 9.13
Graduate and above 2.33 2.37 3.93 25.7424.1538.52
All levels 100 100 100 100 100 100
Table 6 : Percentage distribution of Households, Population and Income by
education of head
Contd…
Source : Census of India, 2001

25. CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE

26. Table 7 :Percentage distribution of Consumption Expenditure by Items of
Expenditure
Items of expenditure Per Cent share
Rural Urban All
Cereals 22.95 12.80 18.87
Pulses 5.60 3.70 4.84
Other food items 31.95 30.96 31.55
Clothing 11.25 11.72 11.44
Fuel 4.02 7.45 5.40
Ceremonies 4.52 5.26 4.82
Health 2.79 2.91 2.84
Education 2.75 6.26 4.16
Total 100 100 100
Average consumption
expenditure (Rs.)
22327 44048 28272
Contd…
NSS 61
st
round report on “level and pattern of consumer expenditure”,2004-05

27. Table 8: Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure in Rural and Urban areas
NSS 61
st
round report on “level and pattern of consumer expenditure”,2004-05
Year Rural Urban Urban –
rural ratio
MPCE at
current
prices
MPCE at
current
prices
1973-74 44.17 63.33 1.43
1977-78 68.89 96.15 1.26
1983 112.31 165.8 1.3
1987-88 158.1 249.92 1.25
1993-94 286.1 464.3 1.37
1999-00 486.16 854.92 1.47
2004-05 558.78 1052.36 1.41
Contd…

29. Itisasituationinwhichapersonisunabletoget
minimumbasicnecessitiesi.e.food,clothingandshelter
forhis/hersustenance.Theinabilitytoattainaminimum
standardofliving.TheWorldBankusesapovertylineof
consumptionlessthanus$1.00adayperperson.
POVERTY

30. Year All India Rural Urban
1973-74 54.9 56.4 49
1977-78 51.3 53.1 45.2
1983 44.5 45.7 40.8
1987-88 38.9 39.1 38.2
1993-94 36.0 37.3 32.4
1999-2000 26.1 27.1 23.6
Table 9 : Estimates of Poverty (%)
Source : Economic Survey,2000-2001, Ministry of Finance, Govt. of India
Contd…

31. Fig 5: Poverty rates in India

32. ACCESS TO CONSUMER ASSETS
AND BASIC AMENITIES

33. 31.5
18.9
42.8
6.7
1.3 1.73
30.1
44.5
64.3
46
24.7
5.6
26.88
49.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
percentage of HHs
Assets
Fig 6: Access of rural and urban households to
some durable consumer Assets
rural
urban Contd…
GOI,CSO,selected socioeconomic statistics India,2006

34. Amenity 1998 2004
Rural Urban Rural Urban
Pucca house (%) 19.0 66.0 25.5 74.1
Drinking water
through tap (%)
18.7 70.0 27.9 71.0
Toilet facility (%) 17.50 74.5 25.9 83.1
Electricity (%) 48.4 89.1 55.7 93.1
LPG cooking gas (%) - - 5.7 48.0
GOI,CSO,selected socioeconomic statistics India,2006
Table 10: Disparity in the access to Basic Amenities

36. SOME FACTS ON HEALTH SITUATION IN INDIA:
•Approximately 1 million people die every year due to
inadequate healthcare in India
•700 million people : No access to specialist care
•Only 20 % of specialists live in rural areas
•India needs 6800 more hospitals in rural areas (Annual
Economic Survey, 2010)

37. Health
Facility
Urban areas Rural areas
Male %Female % Male % Female %
Private clinic 84.7 81.4 39.7 21.7
Tertiary
hospital
7.9 13.3 50.6 62.9
Government
dispensary
3.9 4 10.9 21
Homeopathic 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.7
Table 11 : Male and female (urban and rural) health seeking
behavior
Nagadevand Bharti, 2003, Urban and Rural differentials in maternal and
child health

38. Indicators NFHS-II (1998-99) NFHS-III (2002-03)
Rural Urban Rural Urban
Birth assisted by health
professionals (%)
33.5 73.3 39.1 75.2
Birth delivered in medical
institution (%)
24.6 65.1 31.1 69.4
Children 12-23months fully
immunized (%)
29.3 51.9 38.6 57.5
Children age 6-35 months who
are anemic (%)
75.3 70.8 81.2 72.7
Infant death (per 1000 0f live
children)
73 68 62 57
Table 12 : Rural-Urban Disparity in Health Indicators
Nagadevand Bharti, 2003, Urban and Rural differentials in maternal and child
health

39. 1. Due attention in budget
2. Better delivery of health services in the rural area
3. Enhanced access to the benefits of government
resources
4. Check on rural unemployment
5. Better educational facilities
6. Development programmes
Efforts to minimize rural-urban divide
(Basantaet al, 2000)

40. Rural areas :
Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)
Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana (JGSY)
National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NRGES)
Providing Urban Amenities in Rural Areas
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES TO BRIDGE
THE RURAL -URBAN DIVIDE IN INDIA

41. Itisaschemefirstenunciatedbythethen
PresidentofIndiaDr.A.B.J.AbdulKalam
2005.Itsconceptistomaketheruralareasas
attractiveastheurbanareasandstopthe
migrationofruralpeopletotheurbanareas.
PURA

42. PHYSICAL & FINANCIAL PROGRESS REPORT IN RESPECT OF
PURA (AS ON 29-02-2008)
1. Andhra Pradesh:
Nameofcluster:Rayadurg,District:Anantpur
Year:2005–06
Amountreleased:195.20inRs.lakhs
Purpose:Roadconnectivity
Target:3workofnewroads,oneextensionofroadandthree
workofrepairingroads.

43. Amount
released
(in lakhs)
Purpose Target Expenditur
e reported
(in lakhs)
Physical
progress
reported
by State
30.00 Drinking
water
To provide protected
water supply (Rs.
30.00 Lakhsi.e. @ Rs
5.00 Lakhsper
village
30.00 The works
are reported
to be in
progress.
1.40 Market
Connectivity
To establish tailoring
centre in Udaegolam
village
Utilized for
road.
Tailoring
centre has
been taken
under CFC.
3.60 Construction
of Aganwadi
centre
Construction of
Anganwadicenter(
Rs. 3.60 Lakhsi.e. @
Rs. 1.80 Lakhsper
village
3.60
Year :2005-06

44. Maharashtra
Name of cluster: Basmath District: Hingoli
Year: 2005 -06
Amount released :37.92 lakhs
Purpose : Drinking water
Target: i) One water supply project
ii) Repairing of exiting water supply scheme

45. ii )Amount released :78.88 lakhs
Purpose: Employment generation
Expenditure reported :28.26 lakhs
Physical progress reported by State :
21 groups have been selected and the activities like turmeric
processing unit, jaggary making unit, herbal medicine nursery,
Dal Mill etc. have been identified.

46. contd......
Amount released :20 and 30 lakhs
Purpose: Education and Market connectivity
Target : Setting up a library

47. Policy options for reducing the disparity
1. Create a training infrastructure at block level
2. Efficient marketing-insurance –credit infrastructure
3. Inclusive development approach
4. Development of IT infrastructure in rural areas
5. Facilitate interactions between local administration
and local communities

49. ThusruralIndiaremainsfarawayfromurbanIndia
evenaftermorethanfourandhalfdecadesof
planning.Thoughwehavemoreorlessachieveself-
sufficiencyinfoodgrainsahugesectionofrural
populationstillremainsunderfedand80,000children’s
aredyingeveryyearduetomalnutrition.Moreover,
cropcompositionhasgoneagainsttheinterestof
poor.
Ruraleconomysuffersfromseveretypeof
unemployment.Whilelargeindustriesareabsent,the
smallscalesectorcouldnotflourishduetolargescale
sickness.Hencethereisnoscopeforgainfuldiversion
oftheexcesslabourfromagriculture

50. Thereisavastscopeofincreasingagriculturalproductivitythrough
reclamationoflandandmechanisationintechnologyofproduction.
Secondlythetremendouspossibilityofcreatinggainfulemployment
inthealiensectorsofagriculturelikedairyfarming,poultryfarming,
fishery,forestry,etcmustbetapped.
Thirdly,thedecayingsmallscaleandvillageindustriesneedbe
revitalizedandwellmanaged,whileagro-baseeconomicallyviable
unitsshouldbeestablishedonlargescale.
Atthesametime,theamenitieswhichcrowdtourbanlifeshouldbe
providedintheruralareasthemselvesasfaraspossibleinorderto
reducetheproblemsoftownandcities.